Fissurellidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Vetigastropoda
Ordo: Lepetellida
Superfamilia: Fissurelloidea

Familia: Fissurellidae
Subfamiliae (5): Diodorinae – Emarginulinae – Fissurellinae – Rimulinae – Zeidorinae

Name

Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822

Type genus: Fissurella Bruguière, 1789

References

Fleming, J. 1822. The Philosophy of Zoology ... 2. 618 pp.
Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47(1-2): 1–397.
Simone, L.R.L.; Cunha, C.M. 2014: Taxonomical study on the mollusks collected in Marion-Dufresne (MD55) and other expeditions to SE Brazil: the Fissurellidae (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda). Zootaxa 3835(4): 437–468. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3835.4.2 Reference page.

Links

Fissurellidae in the World Register of Marine Species

Fissurellidae, common name the keyhole limpets and slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda.[2][3]

Their common name derives from the small hole in the apex of their cone-like shells. Although superficially resembling "true" limpets, they are in fact not closely related to them.
Distribution

The distribution of fissurellids is worldwide, from cold waters to tropical waters.[4]
Habitat

Fissurellids live in habitats on and under rocks in the lower intertidal zones to deeper waters.[4]
Shell description
A fossil shell of Diodora italica from the Pliocene of Cyprus.

Keyhole limpets somewhat resemble true limpets because of the simple conical shape of their shells, but in reality they are not closely related to true limpets, which are in the clade Patellogastropoda.

This conical shape and the low profile of the shell allow keyhole limpets to withstand wave attack on exposed rocks to which they attach firmly with their strong, muscular foot.

The shell may vary in color and pattern. The shell has a reticulate (= net-like) structure with strong radial ribs and lacks an operculum.

The shell ranges from 3 mm to 13.2 cm. The great keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata) measures up to 13.2 cm.

For respiration, the shells of fissurellids have a single apical or subapical perforation ("keyhole"). This opening at the top allows a direct exit of exhalant water currents together with waste products from the mantle cavity. The water enters under the edge of the shell near the head and passes over large paired gills. Most young species in this family have a marginal slit in the middle of the anterior end of the spiral shell. Some species possess just a short internal groove at the anterior end. The paired organs in the mantle cavity represent a primitive condition in gastropods.

The soft body consists of a well-developed head, a short muzzle. It has a broad and flat foot and a well-developed mantle. This foot exerts a strong suction, adhering the keyhole limpet to its hard substratum. The mantle extends in some species partly or completely (as in Megathura crenulata) over the shell. The tentacles at the epipodium (the lateral grooves between foot and mantle) are well developed. The species in Medusafissurella have numerous subequal tentacles at the propodium, while the species in Dendrofissurella have an outgrowth with main trunk and side branches at the propodium. The eyes are situated on rudimentary pedicels at their outer bases. The sides are ornamented with short cirri. There are two, symmetrical branchial plumes . The anal siphon occupies the anterior notch or perforated summit of the shell.[5]

In addition to the possession of this hole, slit or groove, keyhole limpets differ in several other ways both internally and externally from true limpets.[how?]
Feeding habits

Keyhole limpets are in essence herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae, but are also detritus feeders. They play an important role in marine ecosystems by controlling the growth of algae on rocky substrates.

A few species in the genera Diodora and Emarginella are carnivorous, feeding on sponges. Puncturella has been reported to digest diatoms and detritus. Puncturella aethiopica feeds mainly on Foraminifera.[6] They are also prey for various marine animals, including starfish and some mollusk-eating birds.
Taxonomy

Family Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822

Subfamily Diodorinae Odhner, 1932
Subfamily Emarginulinae Children, 1834
Subfamily Fissurellinae Fleming, 1822
Subfamily Hemitominae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: synonym of Zeidorinae Naef, 1913
Subfamily Zeidorinae Naef, 1913

This classification was based by Bouchet & Rocroi on the studies by Keen (in Moore) (1960), Christiaens (1973) [7] and McMean (1984).[8]

Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) then raised the tribe Diodorini to the status of subfamily Diodorinae.[9]
Genera

Genera within the family Fissurellidae include:[10][11]

Agariste Monterosato, 1892
Altrix Palmer, 1942[12]
Amblychilepas Pilsbry, 1890
Buchanania Lesson, 1830
Clathrosepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
Clypidina Gray, 1847
Cornisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
Cosmetalepas Iredale, 1924
Cranopsis Adams, 1860
Dendrofissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
Diodora Gray, 1821
Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
Fissurella Bruguière, 1789
Fissurellidea d'Orbigny, 1841
Fissurisepta Seguenza, 1863
Hemimarginula McLean, 2011
Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
Laeviemarginula Habe In Kuroda, 1953
Laevinesta Pilsbry and McGinty, 1952
Leurolepas J. H. McLean, 1970
Lucapina Sowerby, 1835
Lucapinella Pilsbry, 1890
Macroschisma Sowerby, 1839
Manganesepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
Medusafissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
Megathura Pilsbry, 1890
Monodilepas Finlay, 1927
Montfortia Récluz, 1843
Montfortista Iredale, 1929
Montfortula Iredale, 1915
Montfortulana Habe, 1961
Nesta Adams, 1870
Octomarginula McLean, 2011
Parmaphorella Strebel, 1907
Profundisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
Puncturella R. T. Lowe, 1827
Pupillaea Gray In Sowerby, 1835
Rimula DeFrance, 1827
Rimulanax Iredale, 1924 (taxon inquerendum)
Scelidotoma Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992
Scutus Montfort, 1810
Stromboli Berry, 1954
Tugali Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843
Tugalina Habe, 1953
Vacerrena Iredale, 1958
Variemarginula McLean, 2011
Zeidora A. Adams, 1860

Genera brought into synonymy

Austroglyphis Cotton & Godfrey, 1934: synonym of Diodora Gray, 1821
Aviscutum Iredale, 1940: synonym of Scutus Montfort, 1810
Capiluna Gray, 1857: synonym of Diodora Gray, 1821
Cemoria Risso, 1826 [ex Leach MS]: synonym of Puncturella Lowe, 1827
Cremoria [Gray, 1842]: synonym of Puncturella Lowe, 1827
Elegidion Iredale, 1924: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
Emarginella Pilsbry, 1890: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
Entomella Cotton, 1945: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
Fissuridea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
Glyphis Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
Legrandia Beddome, 1883: synonym of Zeidora A. Adams, 1860
Megatebennus Pilsbry, 1890: synonym of Fissurellidea d'Orbigny, 1839
Nannoscutum Iredale, 1937: synonym of Scutus Montfort, 1810
Nesta H. Adams, 1870: synonym of Zeidora A. Adams, 1860
Notomella Cotton, 1957: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
Parmophoridea Wenz, 1938: synonym of Parmaphorella Strebel, 1907
Parmophorus Blainville, 1817: synonym of Scutus Montfort, 1810
Plagiorhytis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Montfortula Iredale, 1915
Scutum P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Scutus Montfort, 1810
Semperia Crosse, 1867: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
Sipho T. Brown, 1827: synonym of Puncturella Lowe, 1827
Siphonella Issel, 1869: synonym of Montfortista Iredale, 1929
Subemarginula Gray, 1847: synonym of Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
Subzeidora Iredale, 1924: synonym of Emarginula (Subzeidora) Iredale, 1924
Tugalia Gray, 1857: synonym of Tugali Gray, 1843
Vacerra Iredale, 1924: synonym of Puncturella Lowe, 1827
Zidora P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Zeidora A. Adams, 1860

See also

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin

References
General references

P.J. Hayward, and J.S. Ryland (1996). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-19-854055-7.
Geiger, Daniel L.; Christine E. Thacker. "Molecular phylogeny of Vetigastropoda reveals non-monophyletic Scissurellidae, Trochoidea, and Fissurelloidea" (PDF). Molluscan Research. 25 (1): 47–55.

Inline citations

Lindberg, edited by Winston F. Ponder, David R. (2008). Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25092-5. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
Rosenberg, G. (2012). Fissurellidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111 on 2013-01-02
Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
Tryon G. W. 1873. American marine conchology: or, Descriptions of the shells of the Atlantic coast of the United States from Maine to Florida
Herbert, David G. (1991). "Foraminiferivory in a Puncturella (Gastropoda, Fissurellidae)". J. Molluscan Stud. 57 (1): 127–140. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.1.127.
J. Christiaens (1973). "Les fissurelles européennes". Informations de la Société Belge de Malacologie. 2 (1): 3–16.
J.H. McLean (1984). "Shell reduction and loss in fissurellids : a review of genera and species in the Fissurellidea group". American Malacological Bulletin. 2: 21–34.
Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) Another step towards understanding the slit-limpets (Fissurellidae, Fissurelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Gastropoda): a combined five-gene molecular phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 40: 238-259
"Fissurellidae (Keyhole Limpets)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
"ITIS". Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2007-11-02.

Palmer, KatherineV.W. (1942). "Substitutes for Moluccan homonyms". Journal of Paleontology. 16 (5): 674.