Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
Superordo: Sacoglossa
Superfamilia: Plakobranchoidea
Familia: Plakobranchidae
Genus: Elysia
Species (93): E. abei – E. amakusana – E. annedupontae – E. aowthai – E. asbecki – E. atroviridis – E. australis – E. babai – E. bangtawaensis – E. bella – E. bengalensis – E. bennettae – E. buonoi – E. canguzua – E. catulus – E. chilkensis – E. chitwa – E. chlorotica – E. christinae – E. clarki – E. coodgeensis – E. cornigera – E. crispata – E. deborahae – E. degeneri – E. diomedea – E. eugeniae – E. evelinae – E. expansa – E. filicauda – E. flava – E. flavipunctata – E. flavomacula – E. furvacauda – E. gordanae – E. grandifolia – E. grandis – E. haingsisiana – E. hamatanii – E. hamanni – E. hedgpethi – E. hendersoni – E. hetta – E. hirasei – E. japonica – E. jibacoaensis – E. kushimotoensis – E. leucolegnote – E. lobata – E. macnaei – E. manriquei – E. maoria – E. marcusi – E. margaritae – E. minima – E. nealae – E. nigrocapitata – E. nigropunctata – E. nisbeti – E. obtusa – E. oerstedii – E. orientalis – E. ornata – E. papillosa – E. patagonica – E. patina – E. pawliki – E. pilosa – E. pratensis – E. punctata – E. purchoni – E. pusilla – E. rufescens – E. sarasuae – E. scops – E. serca – E. setoensis – E. siamensis – E. singaporensis – E. slimora – E. stylifera – E. subornata – E. sugashimae – E. taino – E. thompsoni – E. timida – E. tokarensis – E. tomentosa – E. translucens – E. trilobata – E. trisinuata – E. tuca – E. verrucosa – E. viridis – E. vreelandae – E. yaeyamana – E. zemi – E. zuleicae – ?E. fezi
Name
Elysia Risso, 1818
Synonyms
Elysiobranchus Pruvot-Fol, 1930
Pattyclaya Marcus, 1982
Elysia viridis
References
Risso, A. 1818: Mémoire sur quelques Gastéropodes nouveaux, Nudibranches et Tectibranches observés dans la mer de Nice. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle 87: 368-377. BHL Reference page.
Krug, P.J., Vendetti, J.E. & Valdés, A. 2016. Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region. Zootaxa 4148(1): 1–137. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1. Reference page.
Mehrotra, R., Caballer Gutiérrez, M., Scott, C.M., Arnold, S., Monchanin, C. & Chavanich, S. 2020. On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys, 969: 85–121. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.969.52941 Open access Reference page.
Swennen, C.(K.) 2011: Large mangrove-dwelling Elysia species in Asia, with descriptions of two new species (Gastropoda: Opistobranchia: Sacoglossa). Raffles bulletin of zoology, 59(1): 29–37. PDF
Links
Elysia is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Plakobranchidae. These animals are colorful sea slugs, and they can superficially resemble nudibranchs, but are not very closely related to them. Instead they are sacoglossans, commonly known as sap-sucking slugs.[1]
Elysia sea slugs graze on algae and some species such as E. viridis and E. chlorotica hijack the chloroplasts for themselves. The chloroplasts end up lining the slug's digestive tract, enabling the slugs to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time.This association is crucial for the development and maturing of the slug. Exactly how the slugs use the chloroplasts is unclear, as many of the proteins used by chloroplasts are encoded in the genome of the host cell. These proteins, numbering in the hundreds, are manufactured in the cell's nucleus, and then moved into the chloroplast, enabling it to survive.[2] There has been a study regarding a member of the genus Elysia (E. chloritica), which states that there is horizontal gene transfer when the slugs ingest the algae. The study postulates that upon the ingestion of the algae, to keep the chloroplasts alive, E. chloritica steals genes via horizontal gene transfer to make proteins that maintain the chloroplasts.[3] However, many[4][5][6] other studies could not replicate the findings in the study and the claims remain disputed. Young specimens of E. atroviridis and E. marginata became known for their ability to regenerate the whole body from a severed head. This autotomy expels internal parasites.[7]
This genus was previously sometimes considered to be in the family Stiligeridae, and was also previously placed in the family Elysiidae.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Elysia:[1]
Elysia abei Baba, 1955
Elysia amakusana Baba, 1955
Elysia amuravela Ortea, 2017
Elysia annedupontae Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005
Elysia aowthai Mehrotra, Caballer, C. M. Scott, Arnold, Monchanin & Chavanich, 2020
Elysia arena Carlson & Hoff, 1978
Elysia asbecki Wägele, Stemmer, Burghardt & Händeler, 2010
Elysia atroviridis Baba, 1955
Elysia australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
Elysia babai Pruvot-Fol, 1946
Elysia bangtawaensis Swennen, 1998
Elysia bella (Pease, 1860)
Elysia bengalensis Swennen, 2011
Elysia bennettae T. E. Thompson, 1973
Elysia brycei (K. R. Jensen & F. E. Wells, 1990)
Elysia buonoi Krug, Vendetti & Á. Valdés, 2016
Elysia canguzua Er. Marcus, 1955
Elysia catulus (Gould, 1870)
Elysia chavelavargas Ortea, 2017
Elysia chilkensis Eliot, 1916
Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870
Elysia christinae Krug, Vendetti & Á. Valdés, 2016
Elysia coodgeensis Angas, 1864
Elysia cornigera Nuttall, 1989
Elysia crispata Mörch, 1863
Elysia deborahae Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005
Elysia degeneri Ostergaard, 1955
Elysia delcarmen Ortea, 2017
Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894)
Elysia ellenae Ortea, Espinosa & Caballer, 2013
Elysia entredosaguas Ortea & Bacallado, 2014
Elysia evelinae Er. Marcus, 1957
Elysia expansa (O'Donoghue, 1924)
Elysia faustula Bergh, 1871
Elysia filicauda K. R. Jensen & F. E. Wells, 1990
Elysia flava Verrill, 1901
Elysia flavipunctata Ichikawa, 1993
Elysia flavomacula K. R. Jensen, 1990
Elysia frankenstein Ortea, 2018
Elysia furvacauda Burn, 1958
Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858
Elysia grandis Bergh, 1872
Elysia hamatanii Baba, 1957
Elysia hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1961
Elysia hendersoni Eliot, 1899
Elysia hetta Perrone, 1990
Elysia hirasei Baba, 1955
Elysia japonica Eliot, 1913
Elysia jaramilloi Ortea, Moro & Bacallado, 2017
Elysia jibacoaensis Ortea, Moro, Caballer & Espinosa, 2011
Elysia kushimotoensis Baba, 1957
Elysia leucolegnote K. R. Jensen, 1990
Elysia lobata Gould, 1852
Elysia macnaei Marcus, 1982
Elysia manriquei Ortea & Moro, 2009
Elysia maoria Powell, 1937
Elysia marcusi (Ev. Marcus, 1972)
Elysia margaritae Fez, 1962
Elysia marginata (Pease, 1871)
Elysia mercieri (Pruvot-Fol, 1930)
Elysia minima Ichikawa, 1993
Elysia nealae Ostergaard, 1955
Elysia nigrocapitata Baba, 1957
Elysia nigropunctata (Pease, 1871)
Elysia nisbeti T. E. Thompson, 1977
Elysia obtusa Baba, 1938
Elysia oerstedii Mörch, 1859
Elysia orientalis Ortea, Moro, Caballer & Espinosa, 2011
Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840)
Elysia papillosa A. E. Verrill, 1901
Elysia patagonica Munian & Ortea, 1997
Elysia patina Ev. Marcus, 1980
Elysia pawliki Krug, Vendetti & Á. Valdés, 2016
Elysia pilosa Risbec, 1928
Elysia pratensis Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
Elysia punctata Kelaart, 1858
Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1871)
Elysia rubeni Martín-Hervás, Carmona, K. R. Jensen, Licchelli, Vitale & Cervera, 2020
Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871)
Elysia sanfermin Ortea, 2017
Elysia serca Er. Marcus, 1955
Elysia siamensis Swennen, 1998
Elysia singaporensis Swennen, 2011
Elysia slimora Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1966
Elysia stylifera (K. R. Jensen, 1997)
Elysia subornata A. E. Verrill, 1901
Elysia sugashimae Baba, 1955
Elysia thompsoni K. R. Jensen, 1993
Elysia thysanopoda Bergh, 1905
Elysia timida (Risso, 1818)
Elysia tokarensis Baba, 1957
Elysia tomentosa K. R. Jensen, 1997
Elysia translucens Pruvot-Fol, 1957
Elysia trilobata Heller & T. E. Thompson, 1983
Elysia trisinuata Baba, 1949
Elysia velutinus Pruvot-Fol, 1947
Elysia verrucosa K. R. Jensen, 1985
Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804)
Elysia vreelandae Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970
Elysia yaeyamana Baba, 1936
Elysia zemi Krug, Vendetti & Á. Valdés, 2016
Elysia zuleicae Ortea & Espinosa, 2002
Species brought into synonymy
Elysia arena Carlson & Hoff, 1978: synonym of Pattyclaya arena (Carlson & Hoff, 1978)
Elysia bedeckta MacFarland, 1966: synonym of Elysia hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1961
Elysia cauze scops Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967: synonym of Elysia scops Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967
Elysia gracilis Risbec, 1928: synonym of Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1928)
Elysia halimedae Macnae, 1954: synonym of Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1871)
Elysia picta A. E. Verrill, 1901: synonym of Thuridilla picta (A. E. Verrill, 1901)
Elysia pruvotfolae Er. Marcus, 1957: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
Elysia schrammi Mörch, 1863: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
Elysia splendida Grube, 1861: synonym of Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853)
Elysia thysanopoda Bergh, 1905: synonym of Thuridilla thysanopoda (Bergh, 1905)
Elysia vataae Risbec, 1928: synonym of Thuridilla vataae (Risbec, 1928)
Elysia verrilli Pruvot-Fol, 1946: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
Taxa inquirenda:
Elysia fezi Vilella, 1968
Elysia pruvotae Risbec, 1953
References
Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Elysia Risso, 1818. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137928 on 2010-12-14
"Will we ever… photosynthesise like plants?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27.
Rumpho, Mary E.; Worful, Jared M.; Lee, Jungho; Kannan, Krishna; Tyler, Mary S.; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Moustafa, Ahmed; Manhart, James R. (18 November 2008). "Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (46): 17867–17871. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804968105. PMC 2584685. PMID 19004808.
"Chloroplast acquisition without gene transfer in photosynthetic sea slugs". Phys.org (Press release). National Institutes of Natural Sciences. 15 July 2021.
Maeda, Taro; Takahashi, Shunichi; Yoshida, Takao; Shimamura, Shigeru; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Nagai, Yukiko; Toyoda, Atsushi; Suzuki, Yutaka; Arimoto, Asuka; Ishii, Hisaki; Satoh, Nori; Nishiyama, Tomoaki; Hasebe, Mitsuyasu; Maruyama, Tadashi; Minagawa, Jun; Obokata, Junichi; Shigenobu, Shuji (27 April 2021). "Chloroplast acquisition without the gene transfer in kleptoplastic sea slugs, Plakobranchus ocellatus". eLife. 10. doi:10.7554/eLife.60176. PMC 8079154. PMID 33902812.
Bhattacharya, Debashish; Pelletreau, Karen N.; Price, Dana C.; Sarver, Kara E.; Rumpho, Mary E. (August 2013). "Genome Analysis of Elysia chlorotica Egg DNA Provides No Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer into the Germ Line of This Kleptoplastic Mollusc". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (8): 1843–1852. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst084. PMC 3708498. PMID 23645554.
Baker, Harry (2021-03-08). "This sea slug can chop off its head and grow an entire new body, twice". Live Science. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
Further reading
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
Jensen K.R. (2007) Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 55:255–281
Händeler, Katharina; Wagele, Heike (2004). "Preliminary study on molecular phylogeny of Saccoglossa and a compilation of their food organisms". Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 55: 231–254.
http://www.catalogueoflife.org accessed 11 June 2009
SEM images of the radula can be found at Thompson, T.E.; Bebbington, A. (1973). "Scanning electron microscope studies of gastropod radulae". Malacologia. 14: 147–165.
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