Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Caenogastropoda
Ordo: Neogastropoda
Superfamilia: Buccinoidea
Familia: Buccinidae
Subfamilia: Buccininae
Tribus: Buccinini
Genus: Buccinum
Species: B. abyssorum – B. aleuticum – B. amaliae – B. angulosum – B. aniwanum – B. baerii – B. belcheri – B. bulimuloideum – B. chartium – B. chishimananux – B. chishimanum – B. ciliatum – B. cnismatum – B. cyaneum – B. diplodetum – B. eugrammatum – B. fringillum – B. glaciale – B. gouldii – B. hertzensteini – B. humphreysiana – B. hydrophanum – B. inexhaustum – B. kadiakense – B. micropoma – B. midori – B. moerchi – B. nivale – B. normale – B. ochotense – B. oedematum – B. orotundum – B. pemphigus – B. percrassum – B. physematum – B. picturatum – B. planeticum – B. plectrum – B. polaris – B. rondinum – B. rossellinum – B. rossicum – B. sandersoni – B. scalariforme – B. sericatum – B. sigmatopleura – B. simulatum – B. solenum – B. striatissimum – B. strigillatum – B. tanguaryi – B. taphrium – B. tenebrosum – B. tenellum – B. totteni – B. tsubai – B. tumidulum – B. undatum – B. viridum
References
Additional references
Clark, R.N. 2019. A new species of Buccinum from California (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Zoosymposia. 13: 157-159. DOI: 10.11646/zoosymposia.13.1.18 Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Букцынум
English: whelks
Buccinum is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.[1]
Snails in this genus are commonly called whelks, a name shared with several related and unrelated species. The common whelk Buccinum undatum is the most common representative of the genus in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The shell is ovate or ovate-conical and elongated. The spire is moderate and pointed. The aperture is oval or oblong with a deep notch anteriorly and without a siphonal canal. The columella is plain, not flattened, swollen above, and often covered with a wide and flattened calcareous callosity, of more diaphanous substance. There sometimes exists a fold at the base of the columella. The outer lip is plain, quite thin, sometimes recurved, and forming a margin on the exterior. The thin, horny operculum is ovate and concentrically striate.[2]
The soft body is elongated and spiral. The foot almost always considerable and subelliptical. It is shielded or two-lobed before, emarginated behind, bearing an operculum. The mantle is simple and forms a thin-edged flap over the branchial cavity. It is provided with a branchial siphon, projecting, thick, very long and dorsal, issuing from the emargination at the base of the shell. The head is rather thick, furnished with two conical, depressed tentacles supporting the eyes upon the outer side, (sometimes the eyes do not exist, but this case is extremely rare) . The mouth is provided with a retractile trunk, armed with minute teeth. The radula acts as a rasp. The sexes are separate. The love dart of the male is considerable, without an exterior furrow at its base.[2]
All animals are carnivores and scavengers, feeding on dead or damaged marine animals. They are provided with a cylindrical trunk, susceptible of being much elongated or of being concealed entirely within the body. This trunk is armed at its extremity with beaks, which enable the animal to pierce the shell of other molluscs and crustaceans, upon which it preys.[3]
The sexes are separate. The shells of the males are generally smaller, and less inflated than those of the females. The males are provided with a very large love dart, i.e. an exciting appendage, which, in a state of repose, is situated under the right edge of the mantle.
The eggs are generally united together. They are sometimes driven and transported by the waves to distances far removed from the places where they had been deposited; whence the same species of Buccinum are often found in very different climates.[2]
Distribution
The whelks are met with in all seas, especially upon rocks, where they occur in large numbers. The warmest climates furnish the species most brilliant in coloring. Some species serve for food to the inhabitants of many countries, particularly upon the shores of the English Channel and the North Sea.[2]
Species
Species in the genus Buccinum include:[4]
Buccinum abyssorum A.E. Verrill, 1884 - shingled whelk
Buccinum acuminulatum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum acutispiratum Dall, 1907
Buccinum aleuticum Dall, 1895
Buccinum alveolatum Kiener, 1834
Buccinum angulosum J.E. Gray, 1839 - angular whelk
Buccinum angulosum angulosum J.E. Gray, 1838 - angular whelk
Buccinum aniwanum Dall, 1907
Buccinum araitonum Tiba, 1981
Buccinum argillaceum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum baerii (Middendorff, 1848)
Buccinum baerii baerii (Middendorff, 1848)
Buccinum baerii polium Dall, 1907
Buccinum bayani (Jousseaume, 1883)
Buccinum belcheri Reeve, 1855
Buccinum beringense Golikov, 1980
Buccinum bicordatum (Golikov & Sirenko, 1988)
Buccinum bizikovi Kantor, Sirenko, Zvonareva & Fedosov, 2022
Buccinum bombycinum Dall, 1907
Buccinum bulimuloideum Dall, 1907
Buccinum byssinum Tiba, 1983
Buccinum cascadiense R. N. Clark, 2022
Buccinum castaneum Dall, 1877
Buccinum chartium Dall, 1919
Buccinum chinoi Kantor, Sirenko, Zvonareva & Fedosov, 2022
Buccinum chishimananux Habe, T. & Ito, 1965 [citation needed]
Buccinum chishimanum Pilsbry, 1904
Buccinum ciliatum Fabricius, 1780
Buccinum clarki (Kantor & Harasewych, 1998)
Buccinum cnismatopleura Dall, 1919
Buccinum cnismatum Dall, 1907
Buccinum conoideum G.O. Sars, 1878
Buccinum coronatum Golikov, 1980: junior homonym, invalid: junior homonym of Buccinum coronatum Bruguière, 1789, Gmelin, 1791, and B. coronatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833; Buccinum golikovi is a replacement name)
Buccinum costatum Golikov, 1980: junior homonym, invalid: junior homonym of Buccinum costatum Linnaeus, 1758; B. gulbini is a replacement name )
Buccinum crebricarinatum Lus, 1978
Buccinum crebricostatum Lus, 1978: erroneous spelling of original name by Golikov (1980))
Buccinum crenatum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum cristatum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988
Buccinum cyaneum Bruguiere, 1792 - bluish whelk
Buccinum cyaneum cyaneum Bruguiere, 1792 - bluish whelk
Buccinum cyaneum patulum G.O. Sars, 1878 - bluish whelk
Buccinum cyaneum perdix Mörch, 1868 - bluish whelk
Buccinum denseplicatum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum diplodetum Dall, 1907
Buccinum donovani J. E. Gray, 1839
Buccinum ectomycina Dall, 1907 [citation needed]
Buccinum elegantum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum epifragilum Tiba, 1983
Buccinum epistomium Dall, 1907
Buccinum eugrammatum Dall, 1907 - lirate whelk
Buccinum fedosovi Kantor & Sirenko, 2024
Buccinum felis Okutani, 1964
Buccinum fimbriatum (Golikov & Sirenko, 1988)
Buccinum finmarkianum Verkrüzen, 1875
Buccinum flavidum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum fragile G. O. Sars, 1878
Buccinum frausseni Alexeyev & Gornichnykh, 2009
Buccinum fringillum Dall, 1877 - finch whelk
Buccinum frustulatum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum fukureum Habe & Ito, 1976
Buccinum gadusensis Fraussen & Terryn, 2021
Buccinum glaciale Linnaeus, 1761 - glacial whelk
Buccinum golikovi Kantor, Sirenko, Zvonareva & Fedosov, 2022
Buccinum gulbini Kantor, Sirenko, Zvonareva & Fedosov, 2022
Buccinum habui Tiba, 1984
Buccinum hasegawai Kantor, Sirenko, Zvonareva & Fedosov, 2022
Buccinum hertzensteini Verkruzen, 1882
Buccinum higuchii (Fraussen & Chino, 2009)
Buccinum hosoyai Habe & Ito, 1965
Buccinum humphreysianum Bennett, 1825
Buccinum hydrophanum Hancock, 1846
Buccinum isaotakii Kira, 1962
Buccinum japonicum A. Adams, 1861
Buccinum jeffreysii Smith, 1875
Buccinum kadiakense Dall, 1907
Buccinum kashimanum Okutani, 1964
Buccinum kawamurai Habe & Ito, 1965
Buccinum kinukatsugai Habe & Ito, 1968
Buccinum kjennerudae Bouchet & Warén, 1985
Buccinum kobjakovae Golikov & Sirenko, 1988
Buccinum koreana Choe, Yoon & Habe, 1992
Buccinum koshikinum Okutani in Okutani, Tagawa & Horikawa, 1988
Buccinum kosyanae Kantor & Sirenko, 2024
Buccinum kurilense Golikov & Sirenko, 1988
Buccinum kushiroense Habe & Ito, 1976
Buccinum lamelliferum Lus, 1976
Buccinum leucostoma Lischke, 1872
Buccinum limnoideum Dall, 1907
Buccinum lischkeanum Loebbecke, 1881
Buccinum longifiliare Tiba, 1983
Buccinum lyperum Dall, 1919
Buccinum macleani R. N. Clark, 2019
Buccinum maehirai Tiba, 1980
Buccinum maltzani Pfeffer, 1886
Buccinum micropoma Thorson, 1944 - berry whelk
Buccinum middendorfii Verkruzen, 1882
Buccinum mirandum Smith, 1875
Buccinum miyauchii Azuma, 1972
Buccinum mizutanii Habe & Ito, 1970
Buccinum mysticum Shikama, 1963
Buccinum niponense Dall, 1907
Buccinum nivale Friele, 1882
Buccinum nodocostum Tiba, 1984
Buccinum normale Dall, 1885[citation needed]
Buccinum oblitum Sykes, 1911
Buccinum obsoletum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum ochotense (Middendorff, 1848) - Okhotsk whelk
Buccinum oedematum Dall, 1907 - swollen whelk, swollen whelk
Buccinum opisoplectum Dall, 1907
Buccinum osagawai Habe & Ito, 1968
Buccinum ovulum Dall, 1895
Buccinum parvulum Verkrüzen, 1875
Buccinum pemphigus Dall, 1907
Buccinum pemphigus major Dall, 1919
Buccinum pemphigus orotundum Dall, 1907
Buccinum pemphigus pemphigus Dall, 1907
† Buccinum pengaronense O. Boettger, 1875
Buccinum percrassum Dall, 1883 - crude whelk
Buccinum physematum Dall, 1919
Buccinum pilosum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum planeticum Dall, 1919 - wandering whelk
Buccinum plectrum Stimpson, 1865 - sinuous whelk
Buccinum polare J.E. Gray, 1839 - polar whelk
Buccinum polium Dall, 1907
Buccinum pulchellum G.O. Sars, 1878
Buccinum rarusum Tiba, 1984
Buccinum rondinum Dall, 1919
Buccinum rossellinum Dall, 1919
Buccinum rossicum Dall, 1907
Buccinum sagamianum Okutani, 1977
Buccinum sakhalinense Dall, 1907
Buccinum scalariforme Moller, 1842 - ladder whelk
Buccinum schantaricum (Middendorff, 1848)
Buccinum shiretokoensis Habe & Ito, 1976
Buccinum sigmatopleura Dall, 1907
Buccinum simplex (Middendorff, 1848)
Buccinum simulatum Dall, 1907
Buccinum solidum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988
Buccinum striatellum Golikov, 1980
Buccinum striatissimum G.B. Sowerby III, 1899
Buccinum strigillatum Dall, 1891
Buccinum subreticulatum Habe & Ito, 1965
Buccinum superangulare Thorson & Oskarsson in Oskarsson, 1962
Buccinum suzumai Habe & Ito, 1980
Buccinum takagawai Habe & Ito, 1972
Buccinum tanguaryi Baker, 1919 [citation needed]
Buccinum tenellum Dall, 1883
Buccinum tenuissimum Kuroda in Teramachi, 1933
Buccinum tenuisulcatum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum terebriforme Habe & Ito, 1980
Buccinum terraenovae (Beck in Mörch, 1869)
Buccinum thermophilum Harasewych & Kantor, 2002
Buccinum trescostatum Tiba, 1980
Buccinum tsubai Kuroda, 1933 [5]
Buccinum tumidulum G.O. Sars, 1878
Buccinum tunicatum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 - waved whelk
Buccinum unicordatum (Golikov & Sirenko, 1988)
Buccinum unuscarinatum Tiba, 1981
Buccinum verkruzeni Kobelt, 1882
Buccinum violaceum Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 (nomen dubium)
Buccinum viridum Dall, 1889 - turban whelk, turban whelk
Buccinum wakuii Ito & Habe, 1980
Buccinum yadai (Fraussen & Chino, 2009)
Buccinum yokomaruae Yamashita & Habe, 1965
Buccinum yoroianum Ozaki, 1958
Buccinum zelotes Dall, 1907
Species brought into synonymy
This is a long list because, originally, all species resembling a Buccinum were categorized in this genus. Most of them have become synonyms in the course of time.
Synonyms
References
Gofas, S.; Bouchet, P. (2014). Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137701 on 2015-02-18
"Kiener (1840). General species and iconography of recent shells : comprising the Massena Museum, the collection of Lamarck, the collection of the Museum of Natural History, and the recent discoveries of travellers; Boston :W.D. Ticknor,1837". Archive.org. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Macgillivray, William, History of the molluscous animals of Scotland, London, 1844
"Worldwide Malacological Catalog: Buccinidae". wwmcat.it. Retrieved 22 January 2017.[permanent dead link]
Hardy, Eddie. "Buccinum tsubai". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Golikov A.N. (1980). Molluscs Buccininae of the World Ocean [in Russian]. Fauna of USSR, Mollusks. 5(2): 1-466.
Golikov A.N. & Sirenko B.I. (1988). New data on the systematics of the subfamily Buccininae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Bucciniformes) [Новые данные к построению системы подсемейства Buccininae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Bucciniformes)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR
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