Wahlert, J. H. 1968. Variability of rodent incisor enamel as
viewed in thin section, and the microstructure of the enamel
in fossil and recent rodent groups. Breviora 309:1–18.
———. 1973. Protoptychus, a hystricomorphous rodent from the
late Eocene of North America. Breviora 419:1–14.
———. 1974. The cranial foramina of protrogomorphous rodents;
An anatomical and phylogenetic study. Bulletin of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology 146:363–410.
———. 1977. Cranial foramina and relationships of Eutypomys
(Rodentia, Eutypomyidae). American Museum Novitates
2626:1–8.
———. 1978. Cranial foramina and relationships of the Eomyoidea
(Rodentia, Geomorpha). Skull and upper teeth of
Kansasimys. American Museum Novitates 2645:1–16.
———. 1989. The three types of incisor enamel in rodents;
pp. 6–17 in C. C. Black and M. R. Dawson (eds.), Papers on
Fossil Rodents in Honor of Albert Elmer Wood. Natural
History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 33,
Los Angeles.
Wahlert, J. H., and W. von Koenigswald. 1985. Specialized
enamel in incisors of eomyid rodents. American Museum
Novitates 2832:1–12.
Wahlert, J. H., S. L. Sawitzke, and M. E. Holden. 1993. Cranial
anatomy and relationships of dormice (Rodentia, Myoxidae).
American Museum Novitates 3061:1–32.
Wake, D. B. 1979. The endoskeleton: The comparative anatomy
of the vertebral column and ribs; pp. 192–237 in M. H. Wake
(ed.), Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wall, C., and D.W. Krause. 1992. A biomechanical analysis of
the masticatory apparatus of Ptilodus (Multituberculata).
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12:172–187.
Wall, W. P. 1980. Cranial evidence for a proboscis in Cadurcodon
and a review of snout structure in the family Amynodontidae
(Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea). Journal of Paleontology
54:968–977.
———. 1989. The phylogenetic history and adaptive radiation of
the Amynodontidae; pp. 341–354 in D. R. Prothero and R. M.
Schoch (eds.), The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Oxford University
Press, New York.
———. 1998. Amynodontidae; pp. 583–588 in C. M. Janis, K. M.
Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals
of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates,
and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK.
Walsh, S. L. 1997. New specimens of Metanoiamys, Pauromys, and
Simimys (Rodentia: Myomorpha) from the Uintan (middle
Literature Cited 393
Eocene) of San Diego County, California, and comments
on the relationships of selected Paleogene Myomorpha.
Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History
32:1–20.
———. 1998. Fossil datum and paleobiological event terms, paleontostratigraphy,
chronostratigraphy, and the definition of
land mammal “age” boundaries. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
18:150–179.
Wang, B.-Y. 1979. A new species of Harpyodus and its taxonomic
position; pp. 366–372 in The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Red
Beds of South China. Selected Papers from “The Field Conference
on the South China Cretaceous–Early Tertiary Red
Beds” Held at Nanxiong, Guangdong Province, 24 November–
6 December 1976. IVPP Academia Sinica and Nanjing Institute
of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, Kexue
Chubanshe, Beijing.
———. 1994. The Ctenodactyloidea of Asia; pp. 35–47 in Y. Tomida,
C. Li, and T. Setoguchi (eds.), Rodent and Lagomorph
Families of Asian Origins and Diversification. National Science
Museum Monographs 8, Tokyo.
———. 1997. The mid-Tertiary Ctenodactylidae (Rodentia,
Mammalia) of eastern and central Asia. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History 234:1–88.
———. 2001a. Late Eocene ctenodactyloids (Rodentia, Mammalia)
from Qujing, Yunnan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica
39:24–42.
———. 2001b. Eocene ctenodactyloids (Rodentia, Mammalia)
from Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 39:
102–114.
Wang, B.-Y., and M. R. Dawson. 1994. A primitive cricetid (Mammalia:
Rodentia) from the middle Eocene of Jiangsu
Province, China. Annals of Carnegie Museum 63:239–256.
Wang, B.-Y., and C. Li. 1990. First Paleogene mammalian fauna
from northeast China. Vertebrate PalAsiatica 28:165–205.
Wang, X. 1993. Transformation from plantigrady to digitigrady:
Functional morphology of locomotion in Hesperocyon
(Canidae: Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3069:
1–23.
———. 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae
(Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History 221:1–207.
Wang, X., and R. H. Tedford. 1994. Basicranial anatomy and
phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids
(Carnivora: Mammalia). American Museum Novitates
3092:1–34.
Wang, X., and R. Zhai. 1995. Carnilestes, a new primitive lipotyphlan
(Insectivora: Mammalia) from the early and middle
Paleocene, Nanxiong Basin, China. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 15:131–145.
Wang, X., W. Downs, J. Xie, and G. Xie. 2001. Didymoconus
(Mammalia: Didymoconidae) from Lanzhou Basin, China
and its stratigraphic and ecological significance. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 21:555–564.
Wang, Y. 1995. A new primitive chalicothere (Perissodactyla,
Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Hubei, China. Vertebrata
PalAsiatica 33:138–159.
Wang, Y., and X. Jin. 2004. A new Paleocene tillodont (Tillodontia,
Mammalia) from Qianshan, Anhui, with a review
of Paleocene tillodonts from China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica
42:14–26.
Wang, Y., W. A. Clemens, Y. Hu, and C. Li. 1998. A probable
pseudo-tribosphenic upper molar from the Late Jurassic of
China and the early radiation of the Holotheria. Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:777–787.
Wang, Y., Y. Hu, J. Meng, and C. Li. 2001. An ossified Meckel’s
Cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the
mammalian middle ear. Science 294:357–361.
Webb, S. D. 1985. The interrelationships of tree sloths and
ground sloths; pp. 105–112 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The
Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
———. 1998. Hornless ruminants; pp. 463–476 in C. M. Janis,
K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary
Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores,
Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Webb, S. D., and B. E. Taylor. 1980. The phylogeny of hornless
ruminants and a description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
167:121–157.
Weigelt, J. 1960. Die Arctocyoniden von Walbeck. Freiberger
Forschungshefte C77:1–241.
Wells, N. A., and P. D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae
(Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus
and species, Jozaria palustris, from the Kuldana Formation of
Kohat (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology,
the University of Michigan 26:117–139.
Wesley-Hunt, G. D. 2005. The morphological diversification of
carnivores in North America. Paleobiology 31:35–55.
Wesley-Hunt, G. D., and J. J. Flynn. 2005. Phylogeny of the Carnivora:
Basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans,
and assessment of the position of “Miacoidea” relative to
Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3:1–28.
West, R. M. 1973a. Antemolar dentitions of the Paleocene apatemyid
insectivorans Jepsenella and Labidolemur. Journal of
Mammalogy 54:33–40.
———. 1973b. Review of the North American Eocene and
Oligocene Apatemyidae (Mammalia: Insectivora). Special
Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 3:1–42.
———. 1976. The North American Phenacodontidae. Contributions
in Biology and Geology, Milwaukee Public Museum
6:1–78.
———. 1984. A review of the South Asian Middle Eocene
Moeritheriidae. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de
France, N. S. 147:183–190.
West, R. M., M. R. Dawson, and J. H. Hutchison. 1977. Fossils
from the Paleogene Eureka Sound Formation, N.W.T.,
Canada: Occurrence, climatic and paleogeographic implications.
Milwaukee Public Museum Special Publications in
Biology and Geology 2:77–93.
Wheeler, W. H. 1961. Revision of the uintatheres. Bulletin of
the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
14:1–93.
Whidden, H. P. 2002. Extrinsic snout musculature in Afrotheria
and Lipotyphla. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 9:161–184.
Wible, J. R. 1991. Origin of Mammalia: The craniodental evidence
reexamined. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
11:1–28.
———. 2003. On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum
Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia).
Annals of Carnegie Museum 72:137–202.
Wible, J. R., and J. A. Hopson. 1993. Basicranial evidence for
early mammal phylogeny; pp. 45–62 in F. S. Szalay, M. J.
Novacek, and M. C. McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny:
394 Literature Cited
Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes,
Early Therians, and Marsupials. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Wible, J. R., and M. J. Novacek. 1988. Cranial evidence for the
monophyletic origin of bats. American Museum Novitates
2911:1–19.
Wible, J. R., M. J. Novacek, and G.W. Rougier. 2004. New data
on the skull and dentition in the Mongolian Late Cretaceous
eutherian mammal Zalambdalestes. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History 281:1–144.
Wible, J. R., G.W. Rougier, and M. J. Novacek. 2005. Anatomical
evidence for superordinal/ordinal eutherian taxa in the Cretaceous;
pp. 15–36 in K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibald (eds.),
The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships
of the Major Extant Clades. The Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore.
Wible, J. R., G.W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna.
2001. Earliest eutherian ear region: A petrosal referred to
Prokennalestes from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. American
Museum Novitates 3322:1–44.
Wilf, P. 1997. When are leaves good thermometers? A new case
for Leaf Margin Analysis. Paleobiology 23:373–390.
Wilf, P., K. C. Beard, K. S. Davies-Vollum, and J.W. Norejko.
1998. Portrait of a late Paleocene (early Clarkforkian) terrestrial
ecosystem: Big Multi Quarry and associated strata,
Washakie Basin, southwestern Wyoming. Palaios 13:
514–532.
Wilf, P., K. R. Johnson, and B. T. Huber. 2003. Correlated terrestrial
and marine evidence for global climate changes before
mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100:
599–604.
Wilhelm, P. B., 1993. Morphometric analysis of the limb skeleton
of generalized mammals in relation to locomotor behavior,
with applications to fossil mammals. Ph.D. dissertation,
Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Williamson, T. E. 1996. The beginning of the age of mammals in
the San Juan Basin, New Mexico: Biostratigraphy and evolution
of Paleocene mammals of the Nacimiento Formation.
Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and
Science 8:1–141.
Williamson, T. E., and S. G. Lucas. 1992. Meniscotherium (Mammalia,
“Condylarthra”) from the Paleocene-Eocene of western
North America. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of
Natural History and Science 1:1–75.
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the
World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second
edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
———. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and
Geographic Reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore.
Wilson, G. P., and N. C. Arens. 2001. The evolutionary impact
of an epeiric seaway on Late Cretaceous and Paleocene
palynofloras of South America. Asociación Paleontológica
Argentina Publicación Especial 7:185–189.
Wilson, J. A. 1971a. Early Tertiary Vertebrate faunas, Vieja
Group, Trans-Pecos Texas: Agriochoeridae and Merycoidodontidae.
Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum 18:1–83.
———. 1971b. Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group,
Trans-Pecos Texas: Entelodontidae. The Pearce-Sellards
Series, Texas Memorial Museum 17:1–17.
———. 1974. Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group and
Buck Hill Group, Trans-Pecos Texas; Protoceratidae, Camelidae,
Hypertragulidae. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial
Museum 23:1–34.
Wilson, J. A., and F. S. Szalay. 1976. New adapid primate of European
affinities from Texas. Folia Primatologica
25:294–312.
Wilson, J. A., and J.W. Westgate. 1991. A lophodont rodent from
the middle Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain, Texas. Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology 11:257–260.
Wing, S. L. 1998a. Tertiary vegetation of North America as a
context for mammalian evolution; pp. 37–65 in C. M. Janis,
K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary
Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK.
———. 1998b. Late Paleocene–early Eocene floral and climatic
change in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming; pp. 380–400 in
M.-P. Aubry, S. G. Lucas, and W. A. Berggren (eds.), Late
Paleocene–Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the
Marine and Terrestrial Records. Columbia University Press,
New York.
———. 2001. Hot times in the Bighorn Basin. Natural History
110(3):48–54.
Wing, S. L., and D. R. Greenwood. 1993. Fossils and fossil climate:
The case for equable continental interiors in the
Eocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London B 341:243–252.
Wing, S. L., and G. J. Harrington. 2001. Floral response to rapid
warming in the earliest Eocene and implications for concurrent
faunal change. Paleobiology 27:539–563.
Wing, S. L., and B. H. Tiffney. 1987. The reciprocal interaction
of angiosperm evolution and tetrapod herbivory. Review of
Palaeobotany and Palynology 50:179–210.
Wing, S. L., H. Bao, and P. L. Koch. 1999. An early Eocene cool
period? Evidence for continental cooling during the warmest
part of the Cenozoic; pp. 197–237 in B. T. Huber, K. G.
MacLeod, and S. L. Wing (eds.), Warm Climates in Earth
History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Wing, S. L., T. M. Bown, and J. D. Obradovich. 1991. Early
Eocene biotic and climatic change in interior western North
America. Geology 19:1189–1192.
Wolfe, J. A. 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic
forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions
of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia. U. S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper 1106:1–37.
———. 1985. Distribution of major vegetational types during
the Tertiary. Geophysical Monograph 32:357–375.
———. 1990. Palaeobotanical evidence for a marked temperature
increase following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Nature 343:153–156.
———. 1993. A method of obtaining climatic parameters from
leaf assemblages. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2040:1–71.
———. 1994. Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes of
western North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 108:195–205.
Wolfe, J. A., and G. R. Upchurch, Jr. 1986. Vegetation, climatic
and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
Nature 324:148–152.
Wolsan, M. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European
Mustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora). Acta Theriologica
38:345–384.
Wolsan, M., and B. Lange-Badré. 1996. An arctomorph carnivoran
skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of
procyonids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 41:277–298.
Literature Cited 395
Wood, A. E. 1937. The Mammalian Fauna of the White River
Oligocene. Part II. Rodentia. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, new series 28:155–269.
———. 1940. The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene.
Part III. Lagomorpha. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, new series 28:271–362.
———. 1957. What, if anything, is a rabbit? Evolution 11:
417–425.
———. 1962. The Early Tertiary rodents of the family Paramyidae.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
new series 52:1–261.
———. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution 19:
115–130.
———. 1968. Early Cenozoic Mammalian faunas, Fayum
Province, Egypt. Part II. The African Oligocene Rodentia.
Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 28:23–105.
———. 1974a. Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas Vieja Group
Trans-Pecos Texas: Rodentia. Texas Memorial Museum
Bulletin 21:1–112.
———. 1974b. The evolution of the Old World and New World
hystricomorphs. Symposium Zoological Society of London
34:21–60.
———. 1975. The problem of the hystricognathous rodents.
University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 12:75–80.
———. 1976. The paramyid rodent Ailuravus from the middle
and late Eocene of Europe, and its relationships. Palaeovertebrata
7:117–149.
———. 1980. The Oligocene rodents of North America. Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society 70:1–68.
———. 1984. Hystricognathy in the North American Oligocene
rodent Cylindrodon and the origin of the Caviomorpha.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication
9:151–160.
———. 1985. The relationships, origin and dispersal of the
hystricognathous rodents; pp. 475–513 inW. P. Luckett and
J.-L. Hartenberger (eds.), Evolutionary Relationships among
Rodents. A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Plenum Press, New
York.
Wood, C. B., and W. A. Clemens, Jr. 2001. A new specimen and
a functional reassociation of the molar dentition of Batodon
tenuis (Placentalia, incertae sedis), latest Cretaceous (Lancian),
North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology 156:99–118.
Wood, H. E. II, R.W. Chaney, J. Clark, E. H. Colbert, G. L.
Jepsen, J. B. Reeside, Jr., and C. Stock. 1941. Nomenclature
and correlation of the North American continental Tertiary.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 52:1–48.
Woodburne, M. O. (ed.) 1987. Cenozoic Mammals of North
America. Geochronology and Biostratigraphy. University
of California Press, Berkeley.
———. 2003. Monotremes as pretribosphenic mammals. Journal
of Mammalian Evolution 10:195–248.
———. (ed.) 2004. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of
North America. Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia
University Press, New York.
Woodburne, M. O., and J. A. Case. 1996. Dispersal, vicariance,
and the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary land mammal
biogeography from South America to Australia. Journal of
Mammalian Evolution 3:121–162.
Woodburne, M. O., and C. C. Swisher III. 1995. Land mammal
high-resolution geochronology, intercontinental overland
dispersals, sea level, climate, and vicariance; pp. 335–364 in
W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol
(eds.), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic
Correlation. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special
Publication 54, Tulsa, Okla.
Woodburne, M. O., and R. H. Tedford. 1975. The first Tertiary
monotreme from Australia. American Museum Novitates
2588:1–11.
Woodburne, M. O., T. H. Rich, and M. S. Springer. 2003. The
evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian
clades. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28:360–385.
Wright, D. B. 1998. Tayassuidae; pp. 389–401 in C. M. Janis, K. M.
Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals
of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates,
and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK.
Wyss, A. R., and J. J. Flynn. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis and
definition of the Carnivora; pp. 32–52 in F. S. Szalay, M. J.
Novacek, and M. C. McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny:
Placentals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Wyss, A. R., and J. Meng. 1996. Application of phylogenetic taxonomy
to poorly resolved crown clades: A stem-modified
node-based definition of Rodentia. Systematic Biology
45:559–568.
Wyss, A. R., J. J. Flynn, M. A. Norell, C. C. Swisher III, R. Charrier,
M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna. 1993. South American’s
earliest rodent and recognition of a new interval of
mammalian evolution. Nature 365:434–437.
Wyss, A. R., J. J. Flynn, M. A. Norell, C. C. Swisher III, M. J. Novacek,
M. C. McKenna, and R. Charrier. 1994. Paleogene
mammals from the Andes of Central Chile: A preliminary
taxonomic, biostratigraphic, and geochronologic assessment.
American Museum Novitates 3098:1–31.