Tabuce, R., B. Coiffait, P.-E. Coiffait, M. Mahboubi, and J.-J.
Jaeger. 2001. A new genus of Macroscelidea (Mammalia)
from the Eocene of Algeria: A possible origin for elephantshrews.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:535–546.
Tabuce, R., M. Mahboubi, and J. Sudre. 2001. Reassessment of
the Algerian Eocene hyracoid Microhyrax. Consequences
on the early diversity and basal phylogeny of the order
Hyracoidea (Mammalia). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae
94:537–545.
Tabuce, R., M. Mahboubi, P. Tafforeau, and J. Sudre. 2004. Discovery
of a highly specialized plesiadapiform primate in the
early-middle Eocene of northwestern Africa. Journal of
Human Evolution 47:305–321.
Takai, M., N. Shigehara, A. K. Aung, S. T. Tun, A. N. Soe,
T. Tsubamoto, and T. Thein. 2001. A new anthropoid from
the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar.
Journal of Human Evolution 40:393–409.
Tassy, P. 1981. Le crane de Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia)
de l’Eocène de Dor el Talha (Libye) et le problème
de la classification phylogénétique du genre dans les
Tethytheria McKenna, 1975. Bulletin Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 3:87–147.
———. 1988. The classification of Proboscidea: How many
cladistic classifications? Cladistics 4:43–57.
———. 1996. Who is who among the Proboscidea? pp. 39–48 in
J. Shoshani and P. Tassy (eds.), The Proboscidea. Evolution
and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Tassy, P., and J. Shoshani. 1988. The Tethytheria: Elephants and
their relatives; pp. 283–315 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny
and Classification of the Tetrapods. Volume 2:
Mammals. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Tavaré, S., C. R. Marshall, O. Will, C. Soligo, and R. D. Martin.
2002. Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last
common ancestor of extant primates. Nature 416:726–729.
Teeling, E. C., O. Madsen, R. A. Van Den Bussche, W.W. de
Jong, M. J. Stanhope, and M. S. Springer. 2002. Microbat
paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation
in Old World rhinolophoid microbats. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA 99:1431–1436.
Teeling, E. C., M. S. Springer, O. Madsen, P. Bates, S. J. O’Brien,
and W. J. Murphy. 2005. A molecular phylogeny for bats
illuminates biogeography and the fossil record. Science
307:580–584.
Thalmann, U. 1994. Die Primaten aus dem eozänen Geiseltal
bei Halle/Saale (Deutschland). Courier Forschungsinstitut
Senckenberg 175:1–161.
Thalmann, U., H. Haubold, and R. D. Martin. 1989. Pronycticebus
neglectus—An almost complete adapid primate specimen
from the Geiseltal (GDR). Palaeovertebrata 19:115–130.
Theodor, J. M. 1999. Protoreodon walshi, a new species of agriochoerid
(Oreodonta, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late
Uintan of San Diego County, California. Journal of Paleontology
73:1179–1190.
Thewissen, J. G. M. 1990. Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene
Phenacodontidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra). University
of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 29:1–107.
———. 1991. Limb osteology and function of the primitive
Paleocene ungulate Pleuraspidotherium with notes on Tricuspiodon
and Dissacus (Mammalia). Géobios 24:483–495.
———. 1994. Phylogenetic aspects of cetacean origins: A morphological
perspective. Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2:157–184.
———. 1998. Cetacean origins. Evolutionary turmoil during the
invasion of the oceans; pp. 451–462 in J. G. M. Thewissen
(ed.), The Emergence of Whales. Evolutionary Patterns in
the Origin of Cetacea. Plenum Press, New York.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. K. Babcock. 1992. The origin of flight
in bats. BioScience 42:340–345.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and D. P. Domning. 1992. The role of
phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate
mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12:
494–504.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and P. D. Gingerich. 1987. Systematics and
evolution of Probathyopsis (Mammalia, Dinocerata) from the
late Paleocene and early Eocene of western North America.
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University
of Michigan 27:195–219.
———. 1989. Skull and endocranial cast of Eoryctes melanus, a
new palaeoryctid (Mammalia: Insectivora) from the early
Eocene of western North America. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 9:459–470.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. T. Hussain. 1990. Postcranial osteology
of the most primitive artiodactyl Diacodexis pakistanensis
(Dichobunidae). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 19:
37–48.
———. 1993. Origin of underwater hearing in whales. Nature
361:444–445.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. T. Hussain. 1998. Systematic review
of the Pakicetidae, early and middle Eocene Cetacea
(Mammalia) from Pakistan and India; pp. 220–238 in
K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson (eds.), Dawn of the Age
of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of
Natural History 34.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and E. L. Simons. 2001. Skull of Megalohyrax
eocaenus (Hyracoidea, Mammalia) from the Oligocene of
Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:98–106.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and E. M. Williams. 2002. The early radiations
of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary pattern and
developmental correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 33:73–90.
Thewissen, J. G. M., P. D. Gingerich, and D. E. Russell. 1987.
Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia) from the earlymiddle
Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan).
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University
of Michigan 27:247–274.
Thewissen, J. G. M., S. T. Hussain, and M. Arif. 1994. Fossil evidence
for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete
whales. Science 263:210–212.
Literature Cited 391
Thewissen, J. G. M., S. I. Madar, and S. T. Hussain. 1996. Ambulocetus
natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan.
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 191:1–86.
Thewissen, J. G. M., S. I. Madar, and S. T. Hussain. 1998. Whale
ankles and evolutionary relationships. Nature 395:452.
Thewissen, J. G. M., L. J. Roe, J. R. O’Neil, S. T. Hussain, A. Sahni,
and S. Bajpai. 1996. Evolution of cetacean osmoregulation.
Nature 381:379–380.
Thewissen, J. G. M., E. M. Williams, and S. T. Hussain. 2001a.
Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:347–366.
Thewissen, J. G. M., E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe, and S. T. Hussain.
2001b. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship
of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413:277–281.
Thomas, H., E. Gheerbrant, and J.-M. Pacaud. 2004. Découverte
de squelettes subcomplets de mammifères (Hyracoidea) dans
le Paléogène d’Afrique (Libye). Comptes Rendus Palevol
3:209–217.
Tiffney, B. H. 2000. Geographic and climatic influences on the
Cretaceous and Tertiary history of Euramerican floristic
similarity. Acta Universitatis Carolinae—Geologica 44:5–16.
Ting, S.-Y. 1998. Paleocene and early Eocene land mammal ages
of Asia; pp. 124–147 in K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson (eds.),
Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie
Museum of Natural History 34.
Ting, S.-Y., and J. Zheng. 1989. The affinities of Interogale and Anchilestes
and the origin of Tillodontia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica
27:77–86.
Ting, S.-Y., J. Meng, M. C. McKenna, and C.-K. Li. 2002. The
osteology of Matutinia (Simplicidentata, Mammalia) and its
relationship to Rhombomylus. American Museum Novitates
3371:1–33.
Ting, S.-Y., J. A. Schiebout, and M.-C. Chow. 1982. Morphological
diversity of early Tertiary pantodonts: A new tapir-like
pantodont from China. Third North American Paleontological
Convention Proceedings 2:547–550.
Tobien, H. 1962. Insectivoran (Mamm.) aus dem Mitteleozän
(Lutetium) von Messel bei Darmstadt. Notizblatt des Hessischen
Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden
90:7–47.
———. 1978. The structure of the mastodont molar (Proboscidea,
Mammalia). Part 3. The Oligocene mastodont genera Palaeomastodon,
Phiomia, and the Eo/Oligocene paenungulate
Moeritherium. Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen
6:177–208.
———. 1980. Ein anthracotherioider Paarhufer (Artiodactyla,
Mammalia) aus dem Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt (Hessen).
Geologisches Jahrbuch Hessen 108:11–22.
Tong, Y.-S. 1979. A late Paleocene primate from S. China. Vertebrata
PalAsiatica 17:65–70.
———. 1988. Fossil tree shrews from the Eocene Hetaoyuan
Formation of Xichuan, Henan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 26:
214–220.
———. 1992. Pappocricetodon, a pre-Oligocene cricetid genus
(Rodentia) from central China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 30:
1–16.
———. 1997. Middle Eocene small mammals from Liguanqiao
Basin of Henan Province and Yuanqu Basin of Shanxi Province,
Central China. Palaeontologia Sinica, new series C 18:1–256.
Tong, Y.-S., and M. R. Dawson. 1995. Early Eocene rodents
(Mammalia) from Shandong Province, People’s Republic
of China. Annals of Carnegie Museum 64:51–63.
Tong, Y.-S, and S. G. Lucas. 1982. A review of Chinese uintatheres
and the origin of the Dinocerata (Mammalia, Eutheria).
Third North American Paleontological Convention
Proceedings 2:551–556.
Tong, Y.-S., and J. Wang. 1997. A new palaeanodont (Mammalia)
from the early Eocene of Wutu Basin, Shandong Province.
Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35:110–120.
———. 1998. A preliminary report on the early Eocene mammals
of the Wutu fauna, Shandong Province, China; pp. 186–193
in K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson (eds.), Dawn of the Age of
Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural
History 34.
Tong, Y.-S., J.-W. Wang, and J.-F. Fu. 2003. Yuesthonyx, a new
tillodont (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Henan. Vertebrata
PalAsiatica 41:55–65.
Tong, Y.-S., J.-W. Wang, and J. Meng. 2004. Olbitherium millenariusum,
a new perissodactyl-like archaic ungulate (Mammalia)
from the early Eocene Wutu Formation, Shandong. Vertebrata
PalAsiatica 42:27–38.
Tong, Y.-S., S. Zheng, and Z. Qiu. 1995. Cenozoic mammal ages
of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 33:290–314.
Turnbull, W. D. 1991. Protoptychus hatcheri Scott, 1895. The Mammalian
faunas of the Washakie Formation, Eocene Age, of
southern Wyoming. Part II. The Adobetown Member, middle
division (=Washakie B), Twka/2 (in part). Fieldiana Geology,
new series 21:1–33.
———. 2002. The mammalian faunas of the Washakie Formation,
Eocene age, of southern Wyoming. Part IV. The
Uintatheres. Fieldiana Geology, new series 47:1–189.
———. 2004. Taeniodonta of the Washakie Formation, southwestern
Wyoming. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural
History 36:302–333.