- Art Gallery -

Literature G

Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical
vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and
cancer. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular
and Developmental Evolution) 285:19–26.
Gambaryan, P. P. 1974. How Mammals Run. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
360 Literature Cited
Gambaryan, P. P., and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 1995. Masticatory
musculature of Asian taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40:45–108.
———. 1997. Sprawling versus parasagittal stance in multituberculate
mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42:13–44.
Gatesy, J. 1997. More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae
clade: The blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:537–543.
Gatesy, J., and M. A. O’Leary. 2001. Deciphering whale origins
with molecules and fossils. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
16:562–570.
Gatesy, J., C. Hayashi, M. A. Cronin, and P. Arctander. 1996. Evidence
from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives
of hippopotamid artiodactyls. Molecular Biology and
Evolution 13:954–963.
Gatesy, J., M. Milinkovitch, V. Waddell, and M. Stanhope. 1999.
Stability of cladistic relationships between Cetacea and
higher-level artiodactyl taxa. Systematic Biology 48:6–20.
Gaudin, T. J. 1995. The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny
of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:672–705.
———. 2003. Phylogeny of the Xenarthra. Senckenbergiana
Biologica 83:27–40.
Gaudin, T. J., and A. A. Biewener. 1992. The functional morphology
of xenarthrous vertebrae in the armadillo Dasypus
novemcinctus (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Morphology
214:63–81.
Gaudin, T. J., and R. J. Emry. 2002. The late Eocene pangolin Patriomanis
from North America, and a new genus of pangolin
from the late Eocene of Nei Mongol, China (Mammalia,
Pholidota). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(supplement
to no. 3):57A.
Gaudin, T. J., J. R. Wible, J. A. Hopson, and W. D. Turnbull. 1996.
Reexamination of the morphological evidence for the cohort
Epitheria (Mammalia, Eutheria). Journal of Mammalian
Evolution 3:31–79.
Gawne, C. E. 1978. Leporids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from
the Chadronian (Oligocene) deposits of Flagstaff Rim,
Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 52:1103–1118.
Gazin, C. L. 1952. The Lower Eocene Knight Formation of
western Wyoming and its mammalian faunas. Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1–82.
———. 1953. The Tillodontia: An early Tertiary order of mammals.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 121(10):1–110.
———. 1955. A review of the upper Eocene Artiodactyla of
North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
128(8):1–96.
———. 1957. A skull of the Bridger middle Eocene creodont,
Patriofelis ulta Leidy. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
134(8):1–20.
———. 1959. Early Tertiary Apheliscus and Phenacodaptes as pantolestid
insectivores. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
139(7):1–7.
———. 1962. A further study of the Lower Eocene mammalian
faunas of southwestern Wyoming. Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections 144(1):1–98.
———. 1965. A study of the early Tertiary condylarthran mammal
Meniscotherium. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
149(2):1–98.
———. 1968. A study of the Eocene condylarthran mammal
Hyopsodus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 153(4):
1–90.
———. 1969. A new occurrence of Paleocene mammals in the
Evanston Formation, southwestern Wyoming. Smithsonian
Contributions to Paleobiology 2:1–17.
Gebo, D. L. 2002. Adapiformes: Phylogeny and adaptation;
pp. 21–43 inW. C. Hartwig (ed.), The Primate Fossil Record.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Gebo, D. L., and K. D. Rose. 1993. Skeletal morphology and locomotor
adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene
hyaenodontid creodont. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
13:125–144.
Gebo, D. L., M. Dagosto, K. C. Beard, T. Qi, and J. Wang. 2000.
The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the
early evolution of higher primates. Nature 404:276–278.
Gebo, D. L., G. F. Gunnell, R. L. Ciochon, M. Takai, T. Tsubamoto,
and N. Egi. 2002. New eosimiid primate from
Myanmar. Journal of Human Evolution 43:549–553.
Geisler, J. H. 2001. New morphological evidence for the phylogeny
of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae.
American Museum Novitates 3344:1–53.
Geisler, J. H., and M. D. Uhen. 2003. Morphological support for
a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 23:991–996.
———. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls:
Results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological,
and stratigraphic data. Journal of Mammalian
Evolution 12:145–160.
Gelfo, J. N., and R. Pascual. 2001. Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia,
Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia,
a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation. Geodiversitas
23:369–379.
Gentry, A.W., and J. J. Hooker. 1988. The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla;
pp. 235–272 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny
and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2: Mammals.
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Geraads, D., G. Bouvrain, and J. Sudre. 1987. Relations phyletiques
de Bachitherium Filhol, ruminant de l’Oligocène
d’Europe occidentale. Palaeovertebrata 17:43–73.
Getty, R. 1975. Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of the
Domestic Animals. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Gheerbrant, E. 1992. Les mammifères Paléocènes du Bassin
d’Ouarzazate (Maroc). I. Introduction générale et Palaeoryctidae.
Palaeontographica Abteilung A 224:67–132.
———. 1994. Les mammifères Paléocènes du Bassin d’Ouarzazate
(Maroc). II. Todralestidae (Proteutheria, Eutheria).
Palaeontographica Abteilung A 231:133–188.
———. 1995. Les mammifères Paléocènes du Bassin d’Ouarzazate
(Maroc). III. Adapisoriculidae et autres mammifères
(Carnivora, ?Creodonta, Condylarthra, ?Ungulata et incertae
sedis). Palaeontographica Abteilung A 237:39–132.
Gheerbrant, E., and J.-L. Hartenberger. 1999. Nouveau mammifère
insectivore (?Lipotyphla, ?Erinaceomorpha) de
l’Eocène inférieur de Chambi (Tunisie). Paläontologische
Zeitschrift 73:143–156.
Gheerbrant, E., and D. E. Russell. 1991. Bustylus cernaysi nov.
gen., nov. sp., nouvel adapisoriculidé (Mammalia, Eutheria)
Paléocène d’Europe. Géobios 24:467–481.
Gheerbrant, E., V. Codrea, A. Hosu, S. Sen, C. Guernet, F. de
Lapparent de Broin, and J. Riveline. 1999. Découverte de
vertébrés dans les Calcaires de Rona (Thanétien ou Sparnacien),
Transylvanie, Roumanie: Les plus anciens mammifères
cénozoïques d’Europe Orientale. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae
92:517–535.
Literature Cited 361
Gheerbrant, E., D. P. Domning, and P. Tassy. 2005. Paenungulata
(Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Relatives); pp. 84–105
in K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibald (eds.), The Rise of Placental
Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant
Clades. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Gheerbrant, E., K. D. Rose, and M. Godinot. 2005. First palaeanodont
(Mammalia, ?Pholidota) from the Eocene of
Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50:185–194.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, and H. Cappetta. 1996. A Palaeocene
proboscidean from Morocco. Nature 383:68–70.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, H. Cappetta, and G. Bignot. 1998.
Phosphatherium escuilliei du Thanétien du Bassin des Ouled
Abdoun (Maroc), plus ancien proboscidien (Mammalia)
d’Afrique. Géobios 30:247–269.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, H. Capetta, M. Iarochène, M. Amaghzaz,
and B. Bouya. 2002. A new large mammal from the
Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of
early proboscideans. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47:
493–506.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, H. Cappetta, C. Mourer-Chauviré,
E. Bourdon, M. Iarochène, M. Amaghzaz, and B. Bouya.
2003. Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand
Daoui, bassin des Ouled Abdou, Maroc, Yprésian: Premier
état des lieux. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
174:279–293.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, M. Iarochène, and A. Moumni. 2001.
First ascertained African “condylarth” mammals (primitive
ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from
the earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:107–118.
Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, P. Tassy, M. Amaghzaz, B. Bouya, and
M. Iarochène. 2005. Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium
escuilliei (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l’Éocène inférieur du
Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des
ongulés lophodontes. Geodiversitas 27:239–333.
Gill, P. 1974. Resorption of premolars in the early mammal
Kuehneotherium praecursoris. Archives of Oral Biology
19:327–328.
Gingerich, P. D. 1975. Dentition of Adapis parisiensis and the
origin of lemuriform primates; pp. 65–80 in I. Tattersall
and R. Sussman (eds.), Lemur Biology. Plenum Press,
New York.
———. 1976. Cranial anatomy and evolution of Early Tertiary
Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). University of Michigan
Papers on Paleontology 15:1–141.
———. 1980. Tytthaena parrisi, oldest known oxyaenid (Mammalia,
Creodonta) from the late Paleocene of western North
America. Journal of Paleontology 54:570–576.
———. 1981a. Early Cenozoic Omomyidae and the evolutionary
history of tarsiiform primates. Journal of Human Evolution
10:345–374.
———. 1981b. Radiation of Early Cenozoic Didymoconidae
(Condylarthra, Mesonychia) in Asia, with a new genus from
the early Eocene of western North America. Journal of
Mammalogy 62:526–538.
———. 1981c. Cranial morphology and adaptations in Eocene
Adapidae. I. Sexual dimorphism in Adapis magnus and Adapis
parisiensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology
56:217–234.
———. 1981d. Variation, sexual dimorphism, and social structure
in the early Eocene horse Hyracotherium (Mammalia,
Perissodactyla). Paleobiology 7:443–455.
———. 1982. Aaptoryctes (Palaeoryctidae) and Thelysia (Palaeoryctidae?):
New insectivorous mammals from the late Paleocene
and early Eocene of western North America. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of
Michigan 26:37–47.
———. 1983a. Systematics of early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia,
Carnivora) in the Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the
University of Michigan 26:197–225.
———. 1983b. New Adapisoricidae, Pentacodontidae, and Hyopsodontidae
(Mammalia, Insectivora and Condylarthra) from
the late Paleocene of Wyoming and Colorado. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
26:227–255.
———. 1985. South American mammals in the Paleocene of
North America; pp. 123–137 in F. G. Stehli and S. D. Webb
(eds.), The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum
Press, New York.
———. 1987. Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and
other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willwood
Formation, Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
27:275–320.
———. 1989. New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from
the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: Composition and
diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage.
University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1–97.
———. 1991. Systematics and evolution of Early Eocene Perissodactyla
(Mammalia) in the Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University
of Michigan 28:181–213.
———. 1995. Sexual dimorphism in earliest Eocene Cantius torresi
(Mammalia, Primates, Adapoidea). Contributions from
the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
29:185–199.
———. 1998. Paleobiological perspectives on Mesonychia, Archaeoceti,
and the origin of whales; pp. 423–449 in J. G. M.
Thewissen (ed.), The Emergence of Whales. Evolutionary
Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea. Plenum Press, New York.
———. 2003. Mammalian responses to climate change at the
Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Polecat Bench record in the
northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming; pp. 463–478 in S. L.
Wing, P. D. Gingerich, B. Schmitz, and E. Thomas (eds.),
Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in
the Early Paleogene. Geological Society of America Special
Paper 369, Boulder.
———. 2005. Cetacea; pp. 234–252 in K. D. Rose and J. D.
Archibald (eds.), The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins
and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. The Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Gingerich, P. D., and C. G. Childress, Jr. 1983. Barylambda
churchilli, a new species of Pantolambdidae (Mammalia,
Pantodonta) from the late Paleocene of western North
America. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology,
the University of Michigan 26:141–155.
Gingerich, P. D., and H. A. Deutsch. 1989. Systematics and evolution
of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta)
in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
27:327–391.
Gingerich, P. D., and G. F. Gunnell. 1979. Systematics and evolution
of the genus Esthonyx (Mammalia, Tillodontia) in the
362 Literature Cited
early Eocene of North America. Contributions from the
Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 25:
125–153.
———. 2005. Brain of Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia, Proprimates):
Surface morphology and encephalization compared
to those of Primates and Dermoptera. Contributions from
the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
31:185–195.
Gingerich, P. D., and R. D. Martin. 1981. Cranial morphology
and adaptations in Eocene Adapidae. II. The Cambridge skull
of Adapis parisiensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology
56:235–257.
Gingerich, P. D., and K. D. Rose. 1979. Anterior dentition of the
Eocene condylarth Thryptacodon: Convergence with the
tooth comb of lemurs. Journal of Mammalogy 60:16–22.
———. 1982. Dentition of Clarkforkian Labidolemur kayi. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of
Michigan 26:49–55.
Gingerich, P. D., and A. Sahni. 1984. Dentition of Sivaladapis
nagrii (Adapidae) from the late Miocene of India. International
Journal of Primatology 5:63–79.
Gingerich, P. D., and E. L. Simons. 1977. Systematics, phylogeny,
and evolution of early Eocene Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates)
in North America. Contributions from the Museum
of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 24:245–279.
Gingerich, P. D., and M. D. Uhen. 1994. Time of origin of primates.
Journal of Human Evolution 27:443–445.
———. 1996. Ancalecetus simonsi, a new dorudontine archaeocete
(Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early late Eocene of Wadi
Hitan, Egypt. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology,
the University of Michigan 29:359–401.
Gingerich, P. D., and D. A. Winkler. 1985. Systematics of Paleocene
Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn
Basin and Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from
the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
27:87–128.
Gingerich, P. D., S. G. Abbas, and M. Arif. 1997. Early Eocene
Quettacyon parachai (Condylarthra) from the Ghazij Formation
of Baluchistan (Pakistan): Oldest Cenozoic land
mammal from South Asia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
17:629–637.
Gingerich, P. D., M. Arif, M. A. Bhatti, and W. C. Clyde. 1998.
Middle Eocene stratigraphy and marine mammals (Mammalia:
Cetacea and Sirenia) of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan;
pp. 239–259 in K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson (eds.), Dawn of
the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum
of Natural History 34.
Gingerich, P. D., M. Arif, M. A. Bhatti, H. A. Raza, and S. M.
Raza. 1995. Protosiren and Babiacetus (Mammalia, Sirenia and
Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, Sulaiman
Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from the
Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
29:331–357.
Gingerich, P. D., M. Arif, and W. C. Clyde. 1995. New archaeocetes
(Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda
Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan).
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University
of Michigan 29:291–330.
Gingerich, P. D., M. Arif, I. H. Khan, W. C. Clyde, and J. I. Bloch.
1999. Machocyon abbasi, a new early Eocene quettacyonid
(Mammalia, Condylarthra). Contributions from the Museum
of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 30:233–250.
Gingerich, P. D., M. Arif, I. H. Khan, M. ul Haq, J. I. Bloch, W. C.
Clyde, and G. F. Gunnell. 2001. Gandhera Quarry, a unique
mammalian faunal assemblage from the early Eocene of
Baluchistan (Pakistan); pp. 251–262 in G. F. Gunnell (ed.),
Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled
Habitats. Kluver Academic/Plenum Press, New York.
Gingerich, P. D., D. Dashzeveg, and D. E. Russell. 1991. Dentition
and systematic relationships of Altanius orlovi (Mammalia,
Primates) from the early Eocene of Mongolia. Géobios
24:637–646.
Gingerich, P. D., D. P. Domning, C. E. Blane, and M. D. Uhen.
1994. Cranial morphology of Protosiren fraasi (Mammalia,
Sirenia) from the middle Eocene of Egypt: A new study using
computed tomography. Contributions from the Museum
of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 29:41–67.
Gingerich, P. D., P. Houde, and D.W. Krause. 1983. A new
earliest Tiffanian (late Paleocene) mammalian fauna from
Bangtail Plateau, western Crazy Mountain Basin, Montana.
Journal of Paleontology 57:957–970.
Gingerich, P. D., S. M. Raza, M. Arif, M. Anwar, and X. Zhou.
1994. New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin
of cetacean swimming. Nature 368:844–847.
Gingerich, P. D., D. E. Russell, and S. M. I. Shah. 1983. Origin of
whales in epicontinental remnant seas: New evidence from
the early Eocene of Pakistan. Science 220:403–406.
Gingerich, P. D., D. E. Russell, and N. A. Wells. 1990. Astragalus
of Anthracobune (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the
early–middle Eocene of Kashmir. Contributions from the
Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
28:71–77.
Gingerich, P. D., B. H. Smith, and E. L. Simons. 1990. Hind limbs
of Eocene Basilosaurus: Evidence of feet in whales. Science
249:154–157.
Gingerich, P. D., M. ul Haq, I. S. Zalmout, I. H. Khan, and M. S.
Malkani. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls:
Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan.
Science 293:2239–2242.
Ginsburg, L. 1974. Les tayassuidés des Phosphorites du Quercy.
Palaeovertebrata 6:55–85.
Ginsburg, L., and P. Mein. 1987. Tarsius thailandica, nov. sp.,
premier Tarsiidae (Primates, Mammalia) fossile d’Asie.
Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, sér. II
304:1213–1215.
Ginsburg, L., K. H. Durrani, A. M. Kassi, and J.-L. Welcomme.
1999. Discovery of a new Anthracobunidae (Tethytheria,
Mammalia) from the lower Eocene lignite of the Kach-
Harnai area in Baluchistan (Pakistan). Comptes Rendus de
l’Académie des Sciences de Paris. Sciences de la Terre et des
Planètes 328:209–213.
Godfrey, L. R., and W. L. Jungers. 2002. Quaternary fossil lemurs;
pp. 97–122 inW. C. Hartwig (ed.), The Primate Fossil
Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Godinot, M. 1984. Un nouveau genre de Paromomyidae (Primates)
de l’Eocène Inférieur d’Europe. Folia Primatologica
43:84–96.
———. 1988. Le gisement du Bretou (Phosphorites du Quercy,
Tarn-et-Garonne, France) et sa faune de vertébrés de l’Eocène
superieur: VI. Primates. Palaeontographica Abteilung A
205:113–127.
———. 1991. Toward the locomotion of two contemporaneous
Adapis species. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie
78:387–405.
Literature Cited 363
———. 1992a. Apport à la systématique de quatre genres
d’Adapiformes (Primates, Eocène). Comptes Rendus de
l’ Académie des Sciences Paris, sér. II 314:237–242.
———. 1992b. Early euprimate hands in evolutionary perspective.
Journal of Human Evolution 22:267–283.
———. 1994. Early North African primates and their significance
for the origin of Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea); pp. 235–295
in J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay (eds.), Anthropoid Origins.
Plenum Press, New York.
———. 1998. A summary of adapiform systematics and phylogeny.
Folia primatologica 69(supplement 1):218–249.
Godinot, M., and F. de Lapparent de Broin. 2003. Arguments for
a mammalian and reptilian dispersal from Asia to Europe
during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval; pp. 255–275
in J.W. F. Reumer and W. Wessels (eds.), Distribution and
Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in
Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA 10 (Annual of the
Natural History Museum of Rotterdam).
Godinot, M., and M. Mahboubi. 1992. Earliest known simian
primate found in Algeria. Nature 357:324–326.
———. 1994. Les petits primates simiiformes de Glib Zegdou
(Éocène inférieur à moyen d’Algérie). Comptes Rendus de
l’Académie des Sciences Paris, sér. II 319:357–364.
Godinot, M., J.-Y. Crochet, J.-L. Hartenberger, B. Lange-Badré,
D. E. Russell, and B. Sigé. 1987. Nouvelles données sur les
mammifères de Palette (Eocène inférieur, Provence). Münchner
Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie
und Paläontologie 10:273–288.
Godinot, M., T. Smith, and R. Smith. 1996. Mode de vie et
affinités de Paschatherium (Condylarthra, Hyopsodontidae)
d’après ses os du tarse. Palaeovertebrata volume jubilaire de
D. E. Russell 25:225–242.
Godthelp, H., M. Archer, R. Cifelli, S. J. Hand, and C. F. Gilkeson.
1992. Earliest known Australian Tertiary mammal fauna.
Nature 356:514–516.
Godthelp, H., S. Wroe, and M. Archer. 1999. A new marsupial
from the early Eocene Tingamarra Local Fauna of Murgon,
southeastern Queensland: A prototypical Australian marsupial?
Journal of Mammalian Evolution 6:289–313.
Goin, F. J., and A. A. Carlini. 1995. An Early Tertiary microbiotheriid
marsupial from Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 15:205–207.
Goin, F. J., A. M. Candela, and C. de Muizon. 2003. The affinities
of Roberthoffstetteria nationalgeographica (Marsupialia) and the
origin of the polydolopine molar pattern. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 23:869–876.
Goin, F. J., J. A. Case, M. O. Woodburne, S. F. Vizcaino, and M. A.
Reguero. 1999. New discoveries of “opossum-like” marsupials
from Antarctica (Seymour Island, medial Eocene). Journal
of Mammalian Evolution 6:335–365.
Golz, D. J. 1976. Eocene Artiodactyla of southern California.
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science
Bulletin 26:1–85.
Gould, G. C. 2001. The phylogenetic resolving power of discrete
dental morphology among extant hedgehogs and the implications
for their fossil record. American Museum Novitates
3340:1–52.
Gow, C. E. 1980. The dentitions of the Trithelodontidae (Therapsida:
Cynodontia). Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B 208:461–481.
Gradstein, F. M., F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van
Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous time scale; pp. 95–126 inW. A. Berggren, D. V.
Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol (eds.), Geochronology,
Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM
(Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 54,
Tulsa, Okla.
Gradstein, F. M., J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith (eds. ). 2004. A
Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK.
Granger, W., and W. K. Gregory. 1934. An apparently new family
of amblypod mammals from Mongolia. American Museum
Novitates 720:1–8.
———. 1935. A revised restoration of the skeleton of Baluchitherium,
gigantic fossil rhinoceros of central Asia. American
Museum Novitates 787:1–3.
Grassé, P.-P. 1955a. Ordre des hyracoïdes ou hyraciens;
pp. 878–898 in P.-P. Grassé (ed.), Traité de Zoologie, 17(1),
Mammifères. Masson et Cie, Paris.
———. 1955b. Ordre des pholidotes; pp. 1267–1282 in P.-P.
Grassé (ed.), Traité de Zoologie, 17(2). Masson et Cie, Paris.
Graur, D., and D. G. Higgins. 1994. Molecular evidence for the
inclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla. Molecular
Biology and Evolution 11:357–364.
Graur, D., and W. Martin. 2004. Reading the entrails of chickens:
Molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision.
Trends in Genetics 20:80–86.
Graur, D., W. A. Hide, and W.-H. Li. 1991. Is the guinea-pig a
rodent? Nature 351:649–652.
Green, M. 1977. A new species of Plesiosorex (Mammalia, Insectivora)
from the Miocene of South Dakota. Neues Jahrbuch
für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 4:189–198.
Greenwald, N. S. 1988. Patterns of tooth eruption and replacement
in multituberculate mammals. Journal of Vertebarte
Paleontology 8:265–277.
Gregory, W. K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History 27:1–524.
———. 1920. On the structure and relations of Notharctus, an
American Eocene primate. Memoirs of the American
Museum of Natural History 3:49–243.
———. 1922. The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition.
A Palaeontological Review. Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore.
———. 1951. Evolution Emerging. Two volumes. Macmillan,
New York.
Gunnell, G. F. 1988. New species of Unuchinia (Mammalia: Insectivora)
from the middle Paleocene of North America. Journal
of Paleontology 62:139–141.
———. 1989. Evolutionary history of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia,
?Primates) and the relationship between Plesiadapiformes
and Primates. University of Michigan Papers on
Paleontology 27:1–157.
———. 1995. Omomyid primates (Tarsiiformes) from the
Bridger Formation, middle Eocene, southern Green River
Basin, Wyoming. Journal of Human Evolution 28:147–187.
———. 1998. Creodonta; pp. 91–109 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott,
and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of
North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Gunnell, G. F., and P. D. Gingerich. 1991. Systematics and evolution
of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia,
Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions
from the Museum of Paleontology, the University
of Michigan 28:141–180.
364 Literature Cited
———. 1993. Skeleton of Brachianodon westorum, a new middle
Eocene metacheiromyid (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from
the early Bridgerian (Bridger A) of the southern Green River
Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology,
the University of Michigan 28:365–392.
Gunnell, G. F., and K. D. Rose. 2002. Tarsiiformes: Evolutionary
history and adaptation; pp. 45–82 inW. C. Hartwig (ed.), The
Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Gunnell, G. F., B. F. Jacobs, P. S. Herendeed, J. J. Head, E. Kowalski,
C. P. Msuya, F. A. Mizambwa, T. Harrison, J. Habersetzer,
and G. Storch. 2003. Oldest placental mammal from sub-Saharan
Africa: Eocene microbat from Tanzania—Evidence for
early evolution of sophisticated echolocation. Palaeontologia
Electronica 5:1–10.
Guo, J.-W., M. R. Dawson, and K. C. Beard. 2000. Zhailimeryx,
a new lophiomerycid artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the late
middle Eocene of central China and the early evolution of
ruminants. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 7:239–258.
Guo, J.-W., T. Qi, and H.-J. Sheng. 1999. A restudy of the Eocene
ruminants from Baise and Yongle Basins, Guangxi, China,
with a discussion of the systematic positions of Indomeryx,
Notomeryx, Gobiomeryx, and Prodremotherium. Vertebrata
PalAsiatica 37:18–39.