Fischer, M. S. 1986. Die Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im
phylogenetischen System der Eutheria. Courier Forschungsinstitut
Senckenberg 84:1–132.
———. 1989. Hyracoids, the sister-group of perissodactyls;
pp. 37–56 in D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (eds.), The
Evolution of Perissodactyls. Oxford University Press, New
York.
Fischer, M. S., and P. Tassy. 1993. The interrelation between Proboscidea,
Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Mesaxonia: The morphological
evidence; pp. 217–234 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek,
and M. C. McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals.
Springer-Verlag, New York.
Flannery, T. 1994. Possums of the World: A Monograph of the
Phalangeroidea. Geo Productions and Australian Museum,
Sydney.
Flannery, T. F., M. Archer, T. H. Rich, and R. Jones. 1995. A new
family of monotremes from the Cretaceous of Australia.
Nature 377:418–420.
Fleagle, J. G. 1999. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Second
edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
Fleagle, J. G., and R. F. Kay. 1987. The phyletic position of the
Parapithecidae. Journal of Human Evolution 16:483–532.
Fleagle, J. G., and E. L. Simons. 1982a. Skeletal remains of Propliopithecus
chirobates from the Egyptian Oligocene. Folia
Primatologica 39:161–177.
———. 1982b. The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: A primitive
anthropoid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology
59:175–193.
———. 1995. Limb skeleton and locomotor adaptations of Apidium
phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid from Egypt. American
Journal of Physical Anthropology 97:235–289.
Flerov, K. K. 1967. Dinocerata of Mongolia. Transactions of the
Institute of Paleontology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
67:1–84.
Flower, W. H. 1885. An Introduction to the Osteology of the
Mammalia. Macmillan and Co., London.
Flynn, J. J. 1998. Early Cenozoic Carnivora (“Miacoidea”);
pp. 110–123 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs
(eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Flynn, J. J., and H. Galiano. 1982. Phylogeny of Early Tertiary
Carnivora, with a description of a new species of Protictis
from the middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming. American
Museum Novitates 2725:1–64.
Flynn, J. J., and C. C. Swisher III. 1995. Cenozoic South American
land mammal ages: Correlation to global geochronologies;
pp. 317–333 inW. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and
J. Hardenbol (eds.), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global
Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary
Geology) Special Publication 54, Tulsa, Okla.
Flynn, J. J., and G. D. Wesley-Hunt. 2005. Carnivora; pp. 175–198
in K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibald (eds.), The Rise of Placental
Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant
Clades. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Flynn, J. J., and A. R. Wyss. 1999. New marsupials from the
Eocene-Oligocene transition of the Andean main range,
Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:533–549.
Flynn, J. J., J. A. Finarelli, S. Zehr, J. Hsu, and M. A. Nedbal. 2005.
Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing
the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic
relationships. Systematic Biology 54:317–337.
Flynn, J. J., N. A. Neff, and R. H. Tedford. 1988. Phylogeny of
the Carnivora; pp. 73–116 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny
and Classification of the Tetrapods. Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
Flynn, J. J., J. M. Parrish, B. Rakotosamimanana, W. F. Simpson,
and A. R. Wyss. 1999. A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar.
Nature 401:57–60.
Flynn, J. J., A. R. Wyss, D. A. Croft, and R. Charrier. 2003. The
Tinguiririca Fauna, Chile: Biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography,
and a new earliest Oligocene South American
Land Mammal “Age.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 195:229–259.
Flynn, L. J. 1994. Roots of rodent radiation. Nature 370:97–98.
Flynn, L. J., L. L. Jacobs, and I. U. Cheema. 1986. Baluchimyinae,
a new ctenodactyloid rodent subfamily from the Miocene of
Baluchistan. American Museum Novitates 2841:1–58.
Foote, M., J. P. Hunter, C. M. Janis, and J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 1999.
Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of
biologic groups: Divergence times of eutherian mammals.
Science 283:1310–1314.
Fordyce, R. E. 1982. A review of Australian fossil Cetacea. Memoirs
of the National Museum, Victoria 43:43–58.
———. 1989. Problematic early Oligocene toothed whale
(Cetacea, ?Mysticeti) from Waikari, North Canterbury, New
Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
32:385–390.
———. 2002. Neoceti; pp. 787–791 inW. F. Perrin et al. (ed.), Encyclopedia
of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego.
Fordyce, R. E., and L. G. Barnes. 1994. The evolutionary history
of whales and dolphins. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences 22:419–455.
Fordyce, R. E., and C. de Muizon. 2001. Evolutionary history
of cetaceans: A review; pp. 169–233 in J.-M. Mazin and V. de
Buffrénil (eds.), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life
in Water. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
Fortelius, M. 1985. Ungulate cheek teeth: Developmental, functional,
and evolutionary interrelations. Acta Zoologica
Fennica 180:1–76.
Fortelius, M., and J. Kappelman. 1993. The largest land mammal
ever imagined. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
107:85–101.
Literature Cited 359
Fox, R. C. 1979a. Mammals from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman
Formation, Alberta. I. Alphadon Simpson (Marsupialia).
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16:91–102.
———. 1979b. Mammals from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman
Formation, Alberta. II. Pediomys Marsh (Marsupialia). Canadian
Journal of Earth Sciences 16:103–113.
———. 1984a. Paranyctoides maleficus (new species), an early
eutherian mammal from the Cretaceous of Alberta.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication
9:9–20.
———. 1984b. The dentition and relationships of the Paleocene
primate Micromomys Szalay, with description of a new
species. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21:1262–1267.
———. 1987. Palaeontology and the early evolution of marsupials;
pp. 161–169 in M. Archer (ed.), Possums and Opossums:
Studies in Evolution. Surrey Beatty & Sons and the Royal
Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney.
———. 1991. Saxonella (Plesiadapiformes: ?Primates) in North
America: S. naylori, sp. nov., from the Late Paleocene of
Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
11:334–349.
———. 1993. The primitive dental formula of the Carpolestidae
(Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia) and its phylogenetic implications.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13:516–524.
Fox, R. C., and B. G. Naylor. 1986. A new species of Didelphodon
Marsh (Marsupialia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta,
Canada: Paleobiology and phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für
Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 172:357–380.
———. 1995. The relationships of the Stagodontidae, primitive
North American Late Cretaceous mammals; pp. 247–250 in
A. Sun and Y. Wang (eds.), Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic
Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biotas, Short Papers. China
Ocean Press, Beijing.
———. 2003. A Late Cretaceous taeniodont (Eutheria, Mammalia)
from Alberta, Canada. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie
und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 229:393–420.
Fox, R. C., and C. S. Scott. 2005. First evidence of a venom delivery
apparatus in extinct mammals. Nature 435:1091–1093.
Fox, R. C., and G. P. Youzwyshyn. 1994. New primitive carnivorans
(Mammalia) from the Paleocene of western Canada,
and their bearing on relationships of the order. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 14:382–404.
Frailey, C., and K. Campbell. 2004. Eocene rodents of South
America and the evolution of the Caviidae. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 24(supplement to no. 3):60A.
Franzen, J. L. 1968. Revision der Gattung Palaeotherium Cuvier
1804 (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Ph.D.
thesis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany.
———. 1981. Das erste Skelett eines Dichobuniden (Mammalia,
Artiodactyla), geborgen aus mitteleozänen Ölschiefern der
“Grube Messel” bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen).
Senckenbergiana Lethaea 61:299–353.
———. 1983. Ein zweites Skelett von Messelobunodon (Mammalia,
Artiodactyla, Dichobunidae) aus der “Grube Messel”
bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen). Senckenbergiana
Lethaea 64:403–445.
———. 1987. Ein neuer Primate aus dem Mitteleozän der Grube
Messel (Deutschland, S-Hessen). Courier Forschungsinstitut
Senckenberg 91:151–187.
———. 1988. Skeletons of Aumelasia (Mammalia, Artiodactyla,
Dichobunidae) from Messel (M. Eocene, W. Germany).
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 107:309–321.
———. 1989. Origin and systematic position of the Palaeotheriidae;
pp. 102–108 in D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (eds.),
The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Oxford University Press,
New York.
———. 1990. Hallensia (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) aus Messel
und dem Pariser Becken sowie Nachträge aus dem Geiseltal.
Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,
Sciences de la Terre 60:175–201.
———. 1994. The Messel primates and anthropoid origins;
pp. 99–122 in J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay (eds.), Anthropoid
Origins. Plenum Press, New York.
———. 2000. Der sechste Messel-Primate (Mammalia, Primates,
Notharctidae, Cercamoniinae). Senckenbergiana Lethaea
80:289–303.
———. 2003. Mammalian faunal turnover in the Eocene of
central Europe; pp. 455–461 in S. L. Wing, P. D. Gingerich,
B. Schmitz, and E. Thomas (eds.), Causes and Consequences
of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene. Geological
Society of America Special Paper 369, Boulder.
Franzen, J. L., and E. Frey. 1993. Europolemur completed.
Kaupia—Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte
3:113–130.
Fraser, F. C., and P. E. Purves. 1960. Hearing in cetaceans: Evolution
of the accessory air sacs and the structure of the outer
and middle ear in recent cetaceans. Bulletin of the British
Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 7:1–140.
Freudenthal, M. 1972. Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov.
spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy. Scripta
Geologica 14:1–19.
———. 2004. Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Eocene
and Oligocene of the Sierra Palomera (Teruel, Spain). Treballs
del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 12:97–173.
Frey, E., B. Herkner, F. Schrenk, and C. Seiffert. 1993. Reconstructing
organismic constructions and the problem of
Leptictidium’s locomotion. Kaupia—Darmstädter Beiträge
zur Naturgeschichte 3:89–95.
Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of
the American Museum of Natural History 69:1–669.
Fricke, H. C., W. C. Clyde, J. R. O’Neil, and P. D. Gingerich. 1998.
Evidence for rapid climate change in North America during
the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: Oxygen isotope
compositions of biogenic phosphate from the Bighorn
Basin (Wyoming). Earth and Planetary Science Letters
160:193–208.
Froehlich, D. J. 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactyls.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:140–159.
———. 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy
of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society 134:141–256.
Frye, M. S., and S. B. Hedges. 1995. Monophyly of the order
Rodentia inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences
of the genes for 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and tRNA-valine.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:168–176.
Fu, J.-F., J.-W. Wang, and Y.-S. Tong. 2002. The new discovery of
the Plesiadapiformes from the early Eocene of Wutu Basin,
Shandong Province. Vertebrate PalAsiatica 40:219–227.
