Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Eleutherozoa
Superclassis: Asterozoa
Classis: Asteroidea
Ordo: Brisingida
Familia: Brisingidae
Genera (13): Astrolirus – Astrostephane – Brisinga – Brisingenes – Colpaster – Freyellaster – Hymenodiscus – Lokiella – Midgardia – Lokiella – Odinella – Parabrisinga – Stegnobrisinga
Name
Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875
Type genus: Brisinga Asbjørnsen, 1856.
Synonymy
Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875: 101; — Sladen, 1889: 592–594; — Fisher, 1906: 1107, 1917: 418–4226; — A.M. Clark, 1962: 68; — McKnight, 2006: 71; — Zhang et al., 2023: 14, 18, figs. 2, 4.
References
Clark, A.M. 1962. Asteroidea. Reports. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929-1931. Series B (Zoology and botany). 9: 1–104. PDF Reference page.
Fisher, W.K. 1906. The Starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. 23(3): 987–1130. BHL Reference page.
Fisher, W.K. 1917f. New genera and species of Brisingidae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 20(8): 418–431. BHL Reference page.
McKnight, D.G. 2006. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA biodiversity memoir. 120: 1–187. PDF Reference page.
Sars, G.O. 1875. On Some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life From the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast. II. Researches on the Structure and Affinity of the genus Brisinga Based on the study of a New Species, Brisinga coronata. Christiana University: Christiania. 112pp. BHL Reference page.
Sladen, W.P. 1889. Report on the Asteroidea. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 Part 51, Zoology 30: i–xlii, 1–893. BHL Reference page.
Zhang, R.-Y., Fau, M., Mah, C.L., Eléaume, M., Zhang, D.-S., Zhou, Y.-D., Lu, B., Wang, C.-S. 2023. Systematics of deep-sea starfish order Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with a revised classification and assessments of morphological characters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 191: 1–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107993 Open access. Reference page.
The Brisingidae are a family of starfish found only in the deep sea.[2] They inhabit both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at abyssal depths, and also occur in the Southern Ocean and around Antarctica at slightly shallower depths.
The family was named after Brísingamen, a necklace belonging to Freya from Norse mythology that was stolen by Loki and hidden in the sea.[3]
Characteristics
Novodinia pacifica
Members of this family have a small, Ophiurida-like disc, clearly demarcated from the arms, which number more than five. The disc is approximately circular with a rim of fused plates which gives rigidity. The madreporite is near the margin of the disc. The arms are long and tapering with the ratio of the arm length to the disc radius being greater than 6/1. There is an acute angle between them and they can be shed at the base where they are separated from the disc by a deep groove. After a narrow cylindrical portion, the part of the arms closest to the disc accommodates the gonadal tissues and widens out somewhat. Beyond this area, the arms taper to a long point. The plates on the aboral (upper) side of the arms are small, and are much smaller than the marginal plates, which are armed with spines. The ambulacral groove on the underside of each arm is broad and there is a row of tube feet with suckers on either side of the groove. The pedicellariae are crossed.[4]
Biology
Members of this family live on hard surfaces at depths between 100 and 4,500 m (300 and 14,800 ft). They raise their arms vertically above their discs to filter feed on suspended organic particles drifting past. They are able to raise their arms in this way because of the small size of its plates on the aboral surfaces of their arms which gives them flexibility in a vertical plane. Novodinia is less adept at raising its arms, because of a different arrangement of the plates; in contrast, members of the other brisingid family, Freyellidae, have not been detected raising their arms in this way.[4]
Genera and species
Brisingidae contains the following genera and species:[1]
Astrolirus Fisher, 1917
Astrolirus panamensis (Ludwig, 1905)
Astrolirus patricki Zhang, Zhou, Xiao & Wang, 2020
Astrostephane Fisher, 1917
Astrostephane acanthogenys (Fisher, 1916)
Astrostephane moluccana (Fisher, 1916)
Brisinga Asbjørnsen, 1856
Brisinga alberti Fisher, 1907
Brisinga analoga (Fisher, 1919)
Brisinga andamanica Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
Brisinga bengalensis Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
Brisinga chathamica McKnight, 1973
Brisinga costata Verrill, 1884
Brisinga cricophora Sladen, 1889
Brisinga distincta Sladen, 1889
Brisinga endecacnemos Asbjørnsen, 1856
Brisinga eucoryne Fisher, 1916
Brisinga evermanni Fisher, 1906
Brisinga gunnii Alcock, 1893
Brisinga hirsuta Perrier, 1894
Brisinga insularum Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
Brisinga panopla Fisher, 1906
Brisinga parallela Koehler, 1909
Brisinga synaptoma (Fisher, 1917)
Brisinga tasmani H.E.S. Clark, 1970
Brisinga trachydisca Fisher, 1916
Brisinga variispina Ludwig, 1905
Brisingaster Loriol, 1883
Brisingaster robillardi de Loriol, 1883
Brisingella Fisher, 1917
Brisingella verticillata (Sladen, 1889)
Brisingenes Fisher, 1917
Brisingenes anchista Fisher, 1919
Brisingenes margoae Mah, 2016
Brisingenes mimica (Fisher, 1916)
Brisingenes multicostata (Verrill, 1894)
Brisingenes plurispinula Aziz & Jangoux, 1985
Hymenodiscus Perrier, 1884
Hymenodiscus agassizi (Perrier, 1882)
Hymenodiscus aotearoa (McKnight, 1973)
Hymenodiscus armillata (Sladen, 1889)
Hymenodiscus beringiana (Korovchinsky, 1967)
Hymenodiscus coronata (Sars G.O., 1872)
Hymenodiscus distincta (Sladen, 1889)
Hymenodiscus exilis (Fisher, 1905)
Hymenodiscus fragilis (Fisher, 1906)
Hymenodiscus membranacea (Sladen, 1889)
Hymenodiscus monacantha H.L. Clark, 1920
Hymenodiscus ochotensis Djakonov 1950
Hymenodiscus pannychia Fisher, 1928
Hymenodiscus pusilla Fisher, 1917
Hymenodiscus submembranacea (Doderlein, 1927)
Hymenodiscus tenella (Luwig, 1905)
Hymenodiscus verticellata (Sladen, 1889)
Labidiaster Lütken, 1872
Midgardia Downey, 1972
Midgardia xandaros Downey, 1972
Novodinia Dartnall, Pawson, Pope & B.J. Smith, 1969
Novodinia americana (Verrill, 1880)
Novodinia antillensis (A.H.Clark, 1934)
Novodinia austini (Koehler, 1909)
Novodinia australis (H.L. Clark, 1916)
Novodinia clarki (Koehler, 1909)
Novodinia homonyma Downey, 1986
Novodinia magister Fisher, 1917
Novodinia novaezelandiae (H.E.S. Clark, 1962)
Novodinia pacifica (Fisher, 1906)
Novodinia pandina (Sladen, 1889)
Novodinia penichra (Fisher, 1916)
Novodinia radiata Aziz & Jangoux, 1985
Novodinia semicoronata (Perrier, 1885)
Odinella Fisher, 1940
Odinella nutrix Fisher, 1940
Stegnobrisinga Fisher, 1916
Stegnobrisinga gracilis (Koehler, 1909)
Stegnobrisinga placoderma Fisher, 1916
Stegnobrisinga splendens H.L. Clark, 1926
References
"Brisingidae - G.O. Sars, 1875". World Register of Marine Species. Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
"Asteroidea". Tolweb.org. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
Jimmy Joe (24 June 2006). "Brisings". Timeless Myths: Of Dwarves and Elves. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
Downey, M.E. (1986). "Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and family" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 435:43. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
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