Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Eleutherozoa
Superclassis: Cryptosyringida
Classis: Holothuroidea
Subclassis: Apodacea
Ordo: Apodida
Familiae (3): Chiridotidae - Myriotrochidae - Synaptidae
Name
Apodida Brandt, 1835
Synonyms
Apoda
Synaptida
References
Brandt J.F., 1835. Echinodermata ordo Holothurina. In: Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium ab H. Mertensio in Orbis Terrarum Circumnavigatione Observatorum. Fasc. I: 75 pps. Petropoli. pp. 42-62 (google books).Reference page.
O’Loughlin, P.M., Mackenzie, M., VandenSpiegel, D. & Griffiths, H.J. 2015. New taeniogyrinid species of sea cucumber from the Weddell Sea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Synaptida). Zootaxa 3995(1): 271–283. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3995.1.23. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Links
Apodida in the World Register of Marine Species
Apodida is an order of littoral to deep-sea, largely infaunal holothurians, sea cucumbers. This order comprises three families, 32 genera and about 270 known species, called apodids, "without feet".
Characteristics
These sea cucumbers are vagile holothurians with an elongated shape (up to 3 meters for Synapta maculata), worm or snake-like. Their shape is adapted for burrowing through the sediment, sometimes in a fashion similar to earthworms. Their mouth is surrounded with 10-25 pinnate or peltate tentacles. The absence of tube feet gives the order its name, Apodida meaning without feet : they move by crawling on the sediment, hence they need flat bottoms with few current. Members of this order have a circum-oral ring and tentacles, but do not have tube feet or radial canals. They also lack the complex respiratory trees found in other sea cucumbers, and respire and excrete nitrogenous waste through their skin.[1]
The ossicles, minute calcareous plates embedded in the skin and characteristic of each species, can include wheel and anchor shapes.[2]
List of families
This order contains 3 families, consisting in 32 genera in total, for 270 known species.
family Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898
family Myriotrochidae Théel, 1877
family Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837
References
Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 981–996. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
An illustrated key to the sea cucumbers of the South Atlantic Bight Retrieved 2012-02-12.
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