Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Phylum: Cnidaria
Classis: Anthozoa
Subclassis: Hexacorallia
Ordo: Scleractinia
Familia: Caryophylliidae
Subfamilia: Caryophylliinae
Genus: Heterocyathus
Species: H. aequicostatus – H. alternatus – H. antoniae – H. hemisphaericus – H. monileseptatum – H. sulcatus
Name
Heterocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
Synonyms
Brachytrochus Duncan, 1876 (junior homonym)
Heterocyathus (Stephanoseris) Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (synonym)
Psammoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
Spongiocyathus Folkeson, 1919 (synonym)
Stephanoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
References
Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J. 1848. Recherches sur les polypiers. Deuxième mémoire. Monographie des Turbinolides. Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie Series 3. 9: 211–344. BHL Reference page.
Filander, Z.N., Kitahara, M.V., Cairns, S.D., Sink, K.J. & Lombard, A.T. 2021. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa. ZooKeys 1066ː 1–198. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697 Open access Reference page.
Heterocyathus is a genus of coral[1][2] of the family Caryophylliidae.
Species
Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1848[3] (type species)
Subspecies Heterocyathus aequicostatus delicatus Sakakura, 1935
Subspecies Heterocyathus aequicostatus parasiticus Semper, 1872
Heterocyathus alternatus Verrill, 1865
Heterocyathus antoniae Reyes, Santodomingo & Cairns, 2009
Heterocyathus hemisphaericus Gray, 1849
Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill, 1866)
Heterocyathus cochlea (Spengler, 1781)
Heterocyathus eupsammides Gray, 1849
Heterocyathus hemisphericus Gray, 1849
Heterocyathus heterocostatus Harrison, 1911
Heterocyathus incrustans (Dennant, 1906)
Heterocyathus japonicus (Verrill, 1866)
Heterocyathus lamellosus (Verrill, 1865)
Heterocyathus mai Cheng, 1971
Heterocyathus oblongatus Rehberg, 1892
Heterocyathus parasiticus Semper, 1872
Heterocyathus philippensis Semper, 1872
Heterocyathus philippinensis Semper, 1872
Heterocyathus pulchellus Rehberg, 1892
Heterocyathus roussaeanus Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848
Heterocyathus rousseaui (Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1857)
Heterocyathus woodmasoni Alcock, 1893
Ecology
'Mobility of this genus is facultative which means they have the capacity to move around but not always will they exhibit it. Heterocyathus could have zooxanthellae in shallow water, however, they may live on without symbiotic algae at deeper depths.[4] The Heterocyathus species is sometimes hermatypic or a hard coral primarily responsible for reef-building. In the case of Heterocyathus, reefs are made as the species produces layers of calcium carbonate beneath their bodies. [5] They show epifaunal characteristics and hence are seen in deeper areas of water. They are microcarnivores[6] feeding on tiny organisms.[7] A species of hermit crabs, Diogenidae Heteropsammia, allows for the Heterocyathus the ability to roam around the seafloor. [8]
Symbiotic Relationships
Heterocyathus has both a mutualism and parasitism relationship with another organism called the Albian scleractinian- sipunculan (commonly known as a type of worm). The coral benefits since the worm offers nutrients and food, meanwhile the worm benefits since the coral is a form of protection or shelter. However, if the shell of the coral outgrows the worm, the worm benefits by gaining total protection, thus making a parasitism relationship [9]
[10]http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0184311
References
Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J. (1848). "Recherches sur les Polypiers. Deuxième Mémoire". Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Monographie des Turbinolides. 9: 211–344.
Hoeksema, B. W.; Cairns, S. (2019). World List of Scleractinia. Heterocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206380 on 23 August 2019
"Heterocyathus aequicostatus". Corals of the World. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
Hoeksema, B. W.; Matthews, J. L. (2015). "Partial bleaching in an assemblage of small apozooxanthellate corals of the genera Heteropsammia and Heterocyathus". Coral Reefs. 34 (4): 1227. Bibcode:2015CorRe..34.1227H. doi:10.1007/s00338-015-1314-y – via Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
Wijsman-Best M, Faure G, Pichon M. (1980). Contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the Seychelles and Eastern Africa. Revue Zoologique Africaine. 3: 600-627, pls. 9-`12.
"microcarnivore - Wiktionary". en.m.wiktionary.org. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Heterocyathus Milne-Edwards and Haime 1848 (stony coral)". Retrieved 17 December 2021.
A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis
Stolarski, J., Zibrowius, H., & Loser, H. A. N. N. E. S. (2001). Antiquity of the scleractinian-sipunculan symbiosis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 46(3).
Hoeksema, B.W. & M.B. Best, 1991. New observations on scleractinian corals from Indonesia: 2. Sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. ? Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 65: 221-245.
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