Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Classis: Anthozoa
Subclassis: Hexacorallia
Ordo: Ceriantharia
Subordines: Penicilaria - Spirularia
Name
Ceriantharia Perrier, 1893
References
Rodriguez, C.S. et al. 2011: The taxonomic position of the pelagic ‘staurozoan’ Tessera gemmaria as a ceriantharian larva. Zootaxa, 2971: 49–58. Preview
Stampar, S.N., Reimer, J.D., Maronna, M.M., Lopes, C.S.S., Ceriello, H., Santos, T.B., Acuña, F.H. & Morandini, A.C. 2020. Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) of the World: an annotated catalogue and key to species. ZooKeys, 952: 1–63. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.952.50617 Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Цэрыянтарыі
Ελληνικά: Κηριανθή
magyar: Csőanemónák
日本語: ハナギンチャク目, 花巾着目
Nederlands: Viltkokeranemonen
Tube-dwelling anemones or ceriantharians look very similar to sea anemones but belong to an entirely different subclass of anthozoans. They are solitary, living buried in soft sediments. Tube anemones live inside and can withdraw into tubes, which are composed of a fibrous material made from secreted mucus and threads of nematocyst-like organelles known as ptychocysts. Within the tubes of these ceriantharians, more than one polyp is present, which is an exceptional trait because species that create tube systems usually contain only one polyp per tube.[1] Ceriantharians were formerly classified in the taxon Ceriantipatharia along with the black corals[2] but have since been moved to their own subclass, Ceriantharia.
Ceriantharians have a crown of tentacles that are composed of two whorls of distinctly different sized tentacles. The outer whorl consists of large tentacles that extend outwards. These tentacles taper to points and are mostly used in food capture and defence. The smaller inner tentacles are held more erect than the larger lateral tentacles and are used for food manipulation and ingestion.[3]
A few species such as Anactinia pelagica are pelagic and are not attached to the bottom; instead, they have a gas chamber within the pedal disc, allowing them to float upside down near the surface of the water.[4][5]
Taxonomy
Order Spirularia
Family Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912[6]
Genus Angianthula Leloup, 1964
Genus Atractanthula Leloup, 1964
Genus Botruanthus McMurrich, 1910
Genus Botrucnidiata Leloup, 1932
Genus Botrucnidifer Carlgren, 1912
Genus Calpanthula van Beneden, 1897
Genus Cerianthula Beneden, 1898
Genus Gymnanthula Leloup, 1964
Genus Hensenanthula van Beneden, 1897
Genus Ovanthula van Beneden, 1897
Genus Sphaeranthula Leloup, 1955
Family Cerianthidae Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1852[7]
Genus Anthoactis Leloup, 1932
Genus Apiactis van Beneden, 1897
Genus Bursanthus Leloup, 1968
Genus Ceriantheomorphe Carlgren, 1931
Genus Ceriantheopsis Carlgren, 1912
Genus Cerianthus Delle Chiaje, 1830
Genus Engodactylactis Leloup, 1942
Genus Isodactylactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Nautanthus Leloup, 1964
Genus Pachycerianthus Roule, 1904
Genus Paradactylactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Parovactis Leloup, 1964
Genus Peponactis van Beneden, 1897
Genus Plesiodactylactis Leloup, 1942
Genus Sacculactis Leloup, 1964
Genus Solasteractis van Beneden, 1897
Genus Synarachnactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Syndactylactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Trichactis Leloup, 1964
Order Penicillaria[8]
Family Arachnactidae McMurrich, 1910
Genus Anactinia Annandale, 1909
Genus Arachnactis Sars, 1846
Genus Arachnanthus Carlgren, 1912
Genus Dactylactis van Beneden, 1897
Genus Isapiactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Isarachnactis Carlgren, 1924
Genus Isarachnanthus Carlgren, 1924
Genus Isovactis
Genus Ovactis
Genus Paranactinia
A 2020 integrative study incorporating molecular phylogenetic reconstructions and morphological assessment across the three families recovered Arachnactidae as a well-supoorted clade, but did not recover Cerianthidae and Botrucnidiferidae as monophyletic, drawing into question the validity of the Spirularia suborder[9]
References
Ceriello, Hellen; Costa, Gabriel G.; Bakken, Torkild; Stampar, Sérgio N. (October 2020). "Corals as substrate for tube-dwelling anemones". Marine Biodiversity. 50 (5): 89. doi:10.1007/s12526-020-01116-1. ISSN 1867-1616. S2CID 221885210.
Appeltans, Ward (2010). "Ceriantipatharia". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. 2002. Invertebrates Second Edition Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-097-3
Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 150–157. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
Annandale, N. (1909). "A pelagic sea-anemone without tentacles". Records of the Indian Museum. 3 (10): 157–162.
Molodtsova, T. (2015). Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10.
Molodtsova, T. (2015). Cerianthidae. In: Fautin, Daphne G. (2011) Hexacorallians of the World. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10
Tina Molodtsova (2011). "Penicilaria". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Forero Mejia, Anny C.; Molodtsova, Tina; Östman, Carina; Bavestrello, Giorgio; Rouse, Greg W. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) reveals non-monophyly of traditionally accepted families". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (2): 397–416. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158.
Hickman; et al. (2008), Integrated Principles of Zoology (14th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-297004-3
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