Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Classis: Anthozoa
Subclassis: Hexacorallia
Ordo: Scleractinia
Subordo: Astrocoeniina
Familia: Acroporidae
Genus: Acropora
Species: A. abrolhosensis – A. abrotanoides – A. aculeus – A. acuminata – A. akajimensis – A. anthocercis – A. arabensis – A. aspera – A. austera – A. awi – A. azurea – A. batunai – A. branchi – A. brueggemanni – A. bushyensis – A. cardenae – A. carduus – A. caroliniana – A. cerealis – A. cervicornis – A. chesterfieldensis – A. clathrata – A. copiosa – A. crateriformis – A. cuneata – A. cylindrica – A. cytherea – A. danai – A. dendrum – A. derawanensis – A. desalwii – A. digitifera – A. divaricata – A. donei – A. downingi – A. echinata – A. elegans – A. elizabethensis – A. elseyi – A. eurystoma – A. exquisita – A. fenneri – A. filiformis – A. florida – A. formosa – A. gemmifera – A. glauca – A. gomezi – A. grandis – A. granulosa – A. halmaherae – A. hemprichii – A. hoeksemai – A. horrida – A. humilis – A. hyacinthus – A. implicata – A. indiana – A. indonesia – A. insignis – A. intermedia – A. jacquelinae – A. japonica – A. kimbeensis – A. kirstyae – A. kosurini – A. lamarcki – A. latistella – A. listeri – A. loisetteae – A. lokani – A. longicyathus – A. loripes – A. lovelii – A. lutkeni – A. magnifica – A. maryae – A. microclados – A. microphthalma – A. millepora – A. minuta – A. mirabilis – A. monticulosa – A. mossambica – A. multiacuta – A. muricata – A. nana – A. nasuta – A. natalensis – A. navini – A. nobilis – A. ocellata – A. pagoensis – A. palifera – A. palmata – A. palmerae – A. paniculata – A. parahemprichii – A. parapharaonis – A. parilis – A. pectinatus – A. pharaonis – A. pichoni – A. plumosa – A. pocilloporina – A. polystoma – A. prolifera – A. proximalis – A. pruinosa – A. pulchra – A. rambleri – A. robusta – A. rosaria – A. roseni – A. rudis – A. rufus – A. russelli – A. samoensis – A. sarmentosa – A. schmitti – A. secale – A. sekiseiensis – A. selago – A. simplex – A. solitaryensis – A. sordiensis – A. spicifera – A. squarrosa – A. stoddarti – A. striata – A. subglabra – A. subulata – A. suharsonoi – A. sukarnoi – A. surculosa – A. tanegashimensis – A. tenella – A. tenuis – A. teres – A. togianensis – A. torihalimeda – A. torresiana – A. tortuosa – A. tumida – A. turaki – A. valenciennesi – A. valida – A. vaughani – A. verweyi – A. walindii – A. wallacea – A. willisae – A. yongei
Name
Acropora Oken, 1815
References
Oken, Lorenz 1815: Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 3, Zoologie, Bersasser, Jena: 842 pp.
Hirose M., Obuchi M., Hirose E. & Reimer J.D., 2011: Timing of spawning and early development of Palythoa tuberculosa (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Sphenopidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Biological Bulletin, 220: 23–31.
Robert, R., Lee, D.J.H., Rodrigues, K.F., Hussain, M.A.S., Waheed, Z. & Kumar, S.V. 2016. Consolidated Checklist of Hard Corals of the Genus Acropora Oken, 1815 (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in North Borneo, East Malaysia. Zootaxa 4200(2): 259–304. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4200.2.2. Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Stony corals
中文: 鹿角珊瑚屬
Acropora is a genus of small polyp stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria.[3] Some of its species are known as table coral, elkhorn coral, and staghorn coral. Over 149 species are described.[4] Acropora species are some of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the thin living skin of a reef.
Anatomy and distribution
Depending on the species and location, Acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches. Like other corals, Acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps, which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net. The polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators, but when undisturbed, they protrude slightly. The polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water.
The species are distributed in the Indo-Pacific (over 100 species) and Caribbean (3 species). However, the true number of species is unknown: firstly, the validity of many of these species is questioned as some have been shown to represent hybrids, for example Acropora prolifera;[5] and secondly, some species have been shown to represent cryptic species complexes.[6]
Threats
File:Coral Acropora 3D.ogvPlay media
Symbiodinium, symbiotic algae, live in the corals' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis. Environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of Acropora, along with other coral species. Acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed. Bleaching is due to the loss of the coral's zooxanthellae, which are a golden-brown color. Bleached corals are stark white and may die if new Symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated. Common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution, abnormally warm water temperatures, increased ocean acidification, sedimentation, and eutrophication.
In 2014 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed ten Acropora species as 'threatened'.[7]
Reef-keeping
Close-up of a network of Acropora polyps
Most Acropora species are brown or green, but a few are brightly colored, and those rare corals are prized by aquarists. Captive propagation of Acropora is widespread in the reef-keeping community. Given the right conditions, many Acropora species grow quickly, and individual colonies can exceed a meter across in the wild. In a well-maintained reef aquarium, finger-sized fragments can grow into medicine ball-sized colonies in one to two years. Captive specimens are steadily undergoing changes due to selection which enable them to thrive in the home aquarium. In some cases, fragments of captive specimens are used to repopulate barren reefs in the wild.[8]
Acropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium. They require bright light, stable temperatures, regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements, and clean, turbulent water.
Common parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are "Acropora-eating flatworms" Amakusaplana acroporae,[9] and "red bugs" (Tegastes acroporanus).
Species
Acropora (Acroporidae) at French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands
A. tenuis cells of the IVB5 line and symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellate Breviolum minutum (Suessiales) — in vitro: Symbiotic interactions of coral cells (b and c) and dinoflagellates (x and y). Coral cell b interacted with symbiont x, but did not incorporate it, whereas coral cell c endocytosed both x and y.
The following species are recognised in the genus Acropora:[10]
Acropora abrolhosensis Veron, 1985
Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816)
Acropora acervata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864)
Acropora alvarezi† Wallace, 2008
Acropora anglica† (Duncan, 1866)
Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893)
Acropora arabensis Hodgson and Carpenter, 1995
Acropora arafura Wallace, Done & Muir, 2012
Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora austera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora awi Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora bartonensis† Wallace, 2008
Acropora batunai Wallace, 1997
Acropora borneoensis† (Felix, 1921)
Acropora branchi Riegl, 1995
Acropora britannica† Wallace, 2008
Acropora bushyensis Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora capillaris (Klunzinger, 1879)
Acropora cardenae Wells, 1986
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora caroliniana Nemenzo, 1976
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) - staghorn coral
Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891)
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846)
Acropora darrellae† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora deformis† (Michelin, 1840)
Acropora dendrum (Bassett-Smith, 1890)
Acropora derawaensis Wallace, 1997
Acropora desalwii Wallace, 1994
Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora donei Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora downingi Wallace, 1999
Acropora duncani† (Reuss, 1866)
Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora elegans (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860)
Acropora elenae† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora elseyi (Brook, 1892)
Acropora emanuelae† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora eurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879)
Acropora fastigata Nemenzo, 1967
Acropora fennemai† (Gerth, 1921)
Acropora fenneri Veron, 2000
Acropora filiformis Veron, 2000
Acropora florida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892)
Acropora glauca (Brook, 1893)
Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846)
Acropora gomezi Veron, 2000
Acropora grandis (Brook, 1892)
Acropora granulosa (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860)
Acropora haidingeri† (Reuss, 1864)
Acropora halmaherae Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora hasibuani† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora herklotsi† (Reuss, 1866)
Acropora hoeksemai Wallace, 1997
Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora indonesia Wallace, 1997
Acropora intermedia (Brook, 1891)
Acropora jacquelineae Wallace, 1994
Acropora japonica Veron, 2000
Acropora kimbeensis Wallace, 1999
Acropora kirstyae Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora kosurini Wallace, 1994
Acropora lamarcki Veron, 2000
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1892)
Acropora laurae† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora lavandulina† (Michelin, 1840)
Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893)
Acropora loisetteae Wallace, 1994
Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994
Acropora longicyathus (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860)
Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892)
Acropora lovelli Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952
Acropora macrocalyx† Wallace & Bosselini, 2015
Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1869)
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora monticulosa (Brueggemann, 1879)
Acropora mossambica Riegl, 1995
Acropora multiacuta Nemenzo, 1967
Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acropora nana (Studer, 1878)
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846)
Acropora natalensis Riegl, 1995
Acropora ornata† (DeFrance, 1828)
Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816) - elkhorn coral
Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902
Acropora papillare Latypov, 1992
Acropora pectinata Veron, 2000
Acropora pharaonis (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860)
Acropora pichoni Wallace, 1999
Acropora piedmontensis† Wallace & Bosselini, 2015
Acropora plumosa Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891)
Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816) - fused staghorn coral
Acropora proteacea† Wallace, 2008
Acropora proximalis Veron, 2000
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891)
Acropora renemai† Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson, 2015
Acropora retusa (Dana, 1846)
Acropora ridzwani Ditlev, 2003
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846)
Acropora roemeri† (Duncan, 1866)
Acropora rongelapensis Richards & Wallace, 2004
Acropora roseni Wallace, 1999
Acropora rudis (Rehberg, 1892)
Acropora rufa Veron, 2000
Acropora russelli Wallace, 1994
Acropora salentina† Wallace & Bosselini, 2015
Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891)
Acropora sarmentosa (Brook, 1892)
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878)
Acropora selago (Studer, 1878)
Acropora seriata (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora serrata Lamarck
Acropora simplex Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora sirikitiae Wallace, Phongsuwan & Muir, 2012
Acropora slovenica† Wallace & Bosselini, 2015
Acropora solanderi† (Defrance, 1828)
Acropora solitaryensis Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora sordiensis Riegl, 1995
Acropora spathulata (Brook, 1891)
Acropora speciosa (Quelch, 1886)
Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora striata (Verrill, 1866)
Acropora subglabra (Brook, 1891)
Acropora subulata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora suharsonoi Wallace, 1994
Acropora sukarnoi Wallace, 1997
Acropora tanegashimensi -s Veron, 1990
Acropora tenella (Brook, 1892)
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora torihalimeda Wallace, 1994
Acropora tortuosa (Dana, 1846)
Acropora tuberculosa (Milne Edwards, 1860)
Acropora turaki Wallace, 1994
Acropora valenciennesi (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1860)
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora variolosa (Klunzinger, 1879)
Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954
Acropora verweyi Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora walindii Wallace, 1999
Acropora willisae Veron and Wallace, 1984
Acropora wilsonae† Wallace, 2008
Acropora yongei Veron and Wallace, 1984
References
Wallace, C. C; Rosen, B. R (2006-04-22). "Diverse staghorn corals (Acropora) in high-latitude Eocene assemblages: implications for the evolution of modern diversity patterns of reef corals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1589): 975–982. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3307. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560246. PMID 16627283.
WoRMS (2010). "Acropora Oken, 1815". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
"Acropora". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812213705/http://www.eol.org/pages/11130041 Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Acropora] at Encyclopedia of Life
Vollmer, S.; Palumbi, S. (2002). "Hybridization and the Evolution of Reef Coral Diversity". Science. 296 (5575): 2023–2025. doi:10.1126/science.1069524. PMID 12065836.
Ladner, Jason T.; Palumbi, Stephen R. (2012). "Extensive sympatry, cryptic diversity and introgression throughout the geographic distribution of two coral species complexes". Molecular Ecology. 21 (9): 2224–2238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05528.x. PMID 22439812.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Adding 20 Coral Species to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" (PDF). Federal Register. 79 (219): 67356–67359.
"Restoration". The Global Coral Repository. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
Rawlinson, K. A.; Gillis, J. A.; Billings, R. E.; Borneman, E. H. (2011). "Taxonomy and life history of the Acropora-eating flatworm Amakusaplana acroporae nov. sp. (Polycladida: Prosthiostomidae)". Coral Reefs. 30 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0745-3.
"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Acropora Oken, 1815". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
Further reading
Reyes-Bermudez, Alejandro; Lin, Zhiyi; Hayward, David C.; Miller, David J.; Ball, Eldon E. (2009). "Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 178. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-178. PMC 2726143. PMID 19638240.
Shinzato, Chuya; Shoguchi, Eiichi; Kawashima, Takeshi; Hamada, Mayuko; Hisata, Kanako; Tanaka, Makiko; Fujie, Manabu; Fujiwara, Mayuki; Koyanagi, Ryo; Ikuta, Tetsuro; Fujiyama, Asao; Miller, David J.; Satoh, Nori (2011). "Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change". Nature. 476 (7360): 320–323. doi:10.1038/nature10249. PMID 21785439.
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