Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Superordo: Selachimorpha
Ordo: †Synechodontiformes
Familiae: Palaeospinacidae
Genus inc. sedis: †Parascylloides – †Polyfaciodus – †Safrodus
ynechodontiformes is an extinct order of prehistoric sharks, known from the Permian to the Paleogene. They are considered to be members of Neoselachii, the group that contains modern sharks and rays. Their placement in the group is uncertain, some authors have considered them to be galeomorph crown-group sharks, while others have considered them to represent a stem-group to modern sharks. They have sometimes been considered a paraphyletic grouping, but Klug (2010) recovered the group as monophyletic. Members of the clade are united by two synapomorphies, "pseudopolyaulacorhize tooth root pattern present; labial root depression in basal view present".[2] The oldest possible member of the clade are teeth from the early Permian (Cisuralian) of the Ural Mountains.[3]
Taxonomy
Primarily after Klug (2010)[2]
†Orthacodontidae de Beaumont, 1960
†Sphenodus Agassiz, 1843 Early Jurassic - Paleocene[4]
†Occitanodus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014, France, Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)[5]
†Pseudonotidanidae Underwood & Ward, 2004a
†Welcommia Cappetta, 1990
†Pseudonotidanus Underwood & Ward, 2004a
†Palaeospinacidae Regan, 1906
†Antrigoulia Guinot, Cappetta, & Adnet, 2014 France, Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)[5]
†Synechodus Woodward, 1888 Rhaetian-Paleocene[6]
†Palidiplospinax Klug & Kriwet, 2008
†Paraorthacodontidae Klug, 2010
†Paraorthacodus Glikman, 1957,
†Macrourogaleus Fowler, 1947
Incertae sedis
†Rhomphaiodon Duffin, 1993a
†Mucrovenator Cuny et al., 2001
†Safrodus Koot & Cuny, 2014[7] Early Triassic, Oman
†Polyfaciodus Koot & Cuny, 2014 Early Triassic, Oman
References
C. J. Duffin and D. J. Ward. 1993. The Early Jurassic Palaeospinacid sharks of Lyme Regis, southern England. Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Papers, Elasmobranches et Stratigraphie 264:53-102
Klug, Stefanie (2010). "Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 85265779.
Ivanov, Alexander (2005-08-30). "Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 8 (2): 127–138. doi:10.4072/rbp.2005.2.05.
Kanno, Shiori; Nakajima, Yasuhisa; Hikida, Yoshinori; Sato, Tamaki (2017-04-01). "Sphenodus (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) from the Upper Cretaceous in Nakagawa Town, Hokkaido, Japan". Paleontological Research. 21 (2): 122. doi:10.2517/2016PR009. ISSN 1342-8144. S2CID 133054888.
Guinot, Guillaume; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain (March 2014). "A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) of southern France". Cretaceous Research. 48: 54–84. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.014.
Batchelor, Trevor J.; Duffin, Christopher J. (August 2020). "First description of sharks' teeth from the Ferruginous Sands Formation (Aptian, Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 353–359. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.06.004. S2CID 199107658.
Koot, Martha B.; Cuny, Gilles; Orchard, Michael J.; Richoz, Sylvain; Hart, Malcolm B.; Twitchett, Richard J. (2015-10-03). "New hybodontiform and neoselachian sharks from the Lower Triassic of Oman". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (10): 891–917. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.963179. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 129741739.
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