Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Superordo: Selachimorpha
Ordo: Carcharhiniformes
Familia: Sphyrnidae
Genus: Sphyrna
Species: S. corona - S. couardi - S. gilberti - S. lewini - S. media - S. mokarran - S. tiburo - S. tudes - S. zygaena
Name
Sphyrna Rafinesque, 1810
Synonyms
Zygaena Cuvier, 1817
Zygana: Swainson, 1839
References
Quattro, J. M., Driggers, W. B. III, Grady, J. M., Ulrich, G. F. & Roberts, M. A.; 2013: Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3702(2): 159–178. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5 Reference page.
Vernacular names
Ελληνικά: Σφύρνα ή Σφυροκέφαλος καρχαρίας
English: Hammerhead shark
magyar: Pörölycápák
தமிழ்: கொம்பன்சுறா
ไทย: ปลาฉลามหัวค้อน, อ้ายแบ้
Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφῦρα, "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna gilberti, was discovered and described in 2013.
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:[1][2][3]
Extant
Sphyrna corona (S. Springer, 1940) (scalloped bonnethead)
Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 (Carolina hammerhead)[2]
Sphyrna lewini (E. Griffith & C. H. Smith, 1834) (scalloped hammerhead)
Sphyrna media (S. Springer, 1940) (scoophead)
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) (great hammerhead)
Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) (bonnethead)
Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) (smalleye hammerhead)
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (smooth hammerhead)
Extinct
† Sphyrna arambourgi (Cappetta, 1970)
† Sphyrna gibbesii (Hay, 1902)
† Sphyrna integra (Probst, 1878)
† Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867)
† Sphyrna magna (Cope, 1867)
References
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.
Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
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