Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Agnatha
Superclassis: Cyclostomi
Classis: Myxini
Ordo: Myxiniformes
Familia: Myxinidae
Subfamilia: Rubicundinae
Genus: Rubicundus
Species: R. eos – R. lakeside – R. lopheliae – R. rubicundus
Name
Rubicundus Fernholm, Norén, Kullander, Quattrini, Zintzen, Roberts, Mok & Kuo, 2013
Type species: Eptatretus rubicundus Kuo, Lee & Mok, 2010
References
Fernholm, B., Norén, M., Kullander, S.O., Quattrini, A.M., Zintzen, V., Roberts, C.D., Mok, H.-K. & Kuo, C.-H. 2013. Hagfish phylogeny and taxonomy, with description of the new genus Rubicundus (Craniata, Myxinidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 51(4): 296–307. DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12035 Reference page.
Kuo, C.-H., Lee, S.-C. & Mok, H.-K.; 2010: A new species of hagfish Eptatretus rubicundus (Myxinidae: Myxiniformes) from Taiwan, with reference to its phylogenetic position based on its mitochondrial DNA sequence. Zoological Studies, 49 (6): 855–864.
Rubicundus is a genus of hagfishes, the only extant member of the subfamily Rubicundinae. All species in it were formerly classified in Eptatretus. R. eos, R. lakeside, and R. rubicundus are known from single specimens caught in the Tasman Sea, Galápagos, and Taiwan, respectively. They are named after the distinctive red coloration that all species share.[2]
They represent the sister lineage to all other extant lineages of hagfishes, and may represent the sister group to the Cretaceous fossil hagfish Tethymyxine, from which they potentially diverged during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. Both Rubicundus and Tethymyxine share an elongate snout, indented barbels, and numerous slime glands.[3] Phylogenetic studies indicate that the Rubicundinae lineage may have diverged from other extant hagfishes during the Permian, making them an extremely old lineage.[4]
Species
Four recognized species are placed in this genus:[5][6]
Rubicundus eos (Fernholm, 1991) (pink hagfish)
Rubicundus lakeside (Mincarone & J. E. McCosker, 2004) (Lakeside hagfish)
Rubicundus lopheliae (Fernholm & Quattrini, 2008) (lophelia hagfish)
Rubicundus rubicundus (C. H. Kuo, S. C. Lee & H. K. Mok, 2010)
References
Fernholm, B., Norén, M., Kullander, S.O., Quattrini, A.M., Zintzen, V., Roberts, C.D., Mok, H.-K. & Kuo, C.-H. (2013): Hagfish phylogeny and taxonomy, with description of the new genus Rubicundus (Craniata, Myxinidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 51 (4): 296–307.
"Rubicundus rubicundus". www.fishbase.se. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
Miyashita, Tetsuto; Coates, Michael I.; Farrar, Robert; Larson, Peter; Manning, Phillip L.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Edwards, Nicholas P.; Anné, Jennifer; Bergmann, Uwe; Palmer, A. Richard; Currie, Philip J. (2019-02-05). "Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (6): 2146–2151. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.2146M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814794116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6369785. PMID 30670644.
Brownstein, Chase Doran; Near, Thomas (2024-06-13). "Colonization of the ocean floor by jawless vertebrates across three mass extinctions". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 24 (1): 79. doi:10.1186/s12862-024-02253-y. ISSN 2730-7182. PMC 11170801. PMID 38867201.
Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Petromyzontidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
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