Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Infraclassis: Euselachii
Division/Cohort: Neoselachii
Subdivision/Subcohort: Batoidea
Superordo: Batomorphii
Ordo: Myliobatiformes
Subordo: Myliobatoidei
Superfamilia: Dasyatoidea
Familia: Potamotrygonidae
Genus: Potamotrygon
Species: P. albimaculata – P. amandae – P. boesemani – P. brachyura – P. castexi – P. constellata – P. falkneri – P. henlei – P. hystrix – P. jabuti – P. leopoldi – P. limai – P. magdalenae – P. marinae – P. motoro – P. ocellata – P. orbignyi – P. pantanensis – P. rex – P. schroederi – P. schuhmacheri – P. scobina – P. signata – P. tigrina – †P. ucayalensis – P. yepezi
Name
Potamotrygon Garman, 1877
References
Carvalho, M.R. de 2016. Potamotrygon rex, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855). Zootaxa 4150(5): 537–565. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.5.2. Reference page.
Carvalho, M.R. de. 2016. Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays. Zootaxa 4167(1): 1–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4167.1.1. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Carvalho, M.R. de; Sabaj Perez, M.H.; Lovejoy, N.R. 2011: Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30. Preview
Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R. de 2013. Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Neotropical ichthyology 11(4): 693–737. PDF. Reference page.
Silva, J.P.C.B. Da & Carvalho, M.R. de 2015: Systematics and morphology of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) and allied forms (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa 3982(1): 1–82. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3982.1.1. Preview (PDF). ISBN 978-1-77557-739-3 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-740-9 (Online edition) Reference page.
Potamotrygon is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America,[1] and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade.[2] It inhabits rivers of tropical and subtropical climates, especially those of the Amazon basin and is virtually present in all South American countries, except for Chile.
Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and their stings are dangerous to humans.[2] It is said that the natives of South America fear the stingray more than they do fear the piranha.[3]
Potamotrygon vary considerably in color, pattern and size, with the maximum disc width ranging from 31 cm (1 ft) in P. wallacei to 1.5 m (5 ft) in P. brachyura.[4][5]
In the aquarium
Though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from Potamotrygon. They are best kept with a deep, sandy substrate, in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are carnivorous bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions.[2] Many species of stingray have been bred in captivity and males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other Chondrichthyans.
Species
There are currently more than 30 recognized extant (living) species in this genus:[1]
Potamotrygon adamastor Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Branco river stingray)[6]
Potamotrygon albimaculata M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Itaituba river stingray or Tapajós river stingray)[7]
Potamotrygon amandae Loboda & M. R. de Carvalho, 2013 (Amanda's river stingray)[8]
Potamotrygon amazona Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Upper Amazon raspy river stingray)[6]
Potamotrygon boesemani R. S. Rosa, M. R. de Carvalho & Wanderley, 2008 (Boeseman's river stingray)[9]
Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880) (Short-tailed river stingray)
Potamotrygon constellata (Vaillant, 1880) (Thorny river stingray)
Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963 (Large-spot river stingray)
Potamotrygon garmani Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Garman's river stingray)[6]
Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855) (Big-tooth river stingray)
Potamotrygon histrix (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1834) (Porcupine river stingray)
Potamotrygon humerosa Garman, 1913 (Rough-back river stingray)
Potamotrygon jabuti M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Pearl river stingray)[7]
Potamotrygon leopoldi Castex & Castello, 1970 (White-blotched river stingray)
Potamotrygon limai Fontenelle, J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2014 (Zé Lima river stingray)[10]
Potamotrygon magdalenae (A. H. A. Duméril, 1865) (Magdalena river stingray)
Potamotrygon marinae Deynat, 2006 (Marina's river stingray)
Potamotrygon marquesi Silva & Loboda, 2019[11]
Potamotrygon motoro (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Ocellate river stingray)
Potamotrygon ocellata (Engelhardt, 1912) (Red-blotched river stingray)
Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) (Smooth-back river stingray)
Potamotrygon pantanensis Loboda & M. R. de Carvalho, 2013 (Pantanal river stingray)[8]
Potamotrygon rex M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Great river stingray)[12]
Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958 (Flower ray or rosette river stingray)
Potamotrygon schuhmacheri Castex, 1964 (Parana river stingray)
Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 (Raspy river stingray)
Potamotrygon signata Garman, 1913 (Parnaiba river stingray)
Potamotrygon tatianae J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2011 (Tatiana's river stingray)
Potamotrygon tigrina M. R. de Carvalho, Sabaj Pérez & Lovejoy, 2011 (Tiger river stingray)[13]
Potamotrygon wallacei M. R. de Carvalho, R. S. Rosa & M. L. G. Araújo, 2016 (Cururu ray)[4]
Potamotrygon yepezi Castex & Castello, 1970 (Maracaibo river stingray)
Extinct (fossil) species
Three species are extinct and only known from Tertiary fossil remains:[14]
†Potamotrygon canaanorum
†Potamotrygon contamanensis
†Potamotrygon rajachloeae
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potamotrygon.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Potamotrygon in FishBase. September 2019 version.
Dawes, J. (2001). Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. New York: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 1-55297-544-4.
Axelrod, H.R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-543-1.
Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon. Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.
Oddone, M.C., G. Velasco & G. Rincon (2008). Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America. International Journal of Ichthyology 14 (2): 69-76.
Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2017): Systematic revision of the "Potamotrygon scobina" Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography. Zootaxa, 4310 (1): 1–63.
Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays. Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.
Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013): Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.
Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008): Potamotrygon boesemani (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.
Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014): Potamotrygon limai, sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.
Silva, J.P.C.B.; T.S. Loboda (2019). "Potamotrygon marquesi, a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 95 (2). doi:10.1111/jfb.14050.
Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Potamotrygon rex, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855). Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.
Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011): Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.
Chabain, Jules; Pierre-Olivier Antoine; Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra; Laurent Marivaux; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Sylvain Adnet (2017). Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50: 389–400. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.003
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