Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Siluriformes
Familia: Heptapteridae
Genus: Phreatobius
Species: P. cisternarum – P. dracunculus – P. sanguijuela
Name
Phreatobius Goeldi, 1905
Type species: Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905
References
Goeldi, E.A. 1905. Nova zoologica aus der Amazonas-Region. Neue Wirbeltiere. Proceedings/ ...International Congress of Zoology 1905, Pt. 7 (Zoogeograpohie): 542–549. Reference page.
Phreatobius is a genus of very small catfishes (order Siluriformes) from tropical South America.
Taxonomy
For quite some time Phreatobius cisternarum was the only species in the genus. However, two new species were described relatively recently in 2007, Phreatobius dracunculus and Phreatobius sanguijuela.[1][2]
Phreatobius has been classified with a number of different families: Clariidae, Plotosidae, Trichomycteridae, Cetopsidae, and Pimelodidae. Most recently, it has been classified in Heptapteridae. Its phylogenetic position remains uncertain.[3] The family placement of the genus has remained problematic and thus it is not classified in any of the existing families,[4] though Fishbase treats it as a member of Heptapteridae.[5]
An undescribed species of Phreatobius lives in waterlogged leaf litter near (not in) streams.[3][6] Phreatobius walkeri, a nomen nudum, is provided by the Guinness Book of World Records, to describe this fish that stays on land for extended periods of time.[7] Two additional quite distinctive species of Phreatobius, as yet undescribed, are known from the Río Negro basin of Brazil.[2]
Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:[8]
Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905
Phreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007
Phreatobius sanguijuela L. A. Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & S. A. Schaefer, 2007
Distribution and habitat
The three scientifically described Phreatobius species all live underground and are known only from artificial wells penetrating near-surface aquifers of the Amazon basin.[1][2][3] The genus has one of the widest distribution of any hypogean fish genus, with P. sanguijuela from the upper Amazon, some 2000 km from reported locations of P. cisternarum near the Amazon River mouth, and P. dracunculus also approximately 1900 km from the Rio Branco drainage area.[1][2]
Description
This genus can be recognized by the combination of characteristics, such as their dorsal and anal fins being continuous with a rounded caudal fin, unbranched anal fin rays, a projecting lower jaw, bright red coloration, a lack of the dorsal fin spine locking mechanism, the first pectoral fin ray being soft instead of spinous.[1][2] Most of these traits are rare or unusual among vast groups of catfish.[3]
All three species look extremely similar. However, in P. cisternarum the eyes are tiny, while P. dracunculus and P. sanguijuela lack eyes altogether. The two eyeless species can be differentiated by fin-ray and vertebrae counts. It is also described that P. dracunculus is lighter in color, while P. cisternarum and P. sanguijuela are described as bright red.[1][2][3]
References
Shibatta, Oscar Akio; Muriel-Cunha, Janice; de Pinna, Mário C.C. (2007). "A new subterranean species of Phreatobius Goeldi, 1905 (Siluriformes, Incertae sedis) from the Southwestern Amazon basin". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 47 (17): 191–201. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492007001700001.
Fernandez, Luis; Saucedo, Lisandro J.; Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando M.; Schaefer, Scott A. (2007). "A new phreatic catfish of the genus Phreatobius Goeldi 1905 from groundwaters of the Iténez River, Bolivia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)". Zootaxa. 1626: 51–58. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1626.1.4.
Muriel-Cunha, Janice; de Pinna, Mário (2005). "New data on Cistern Catfish, Phreatobius cisternarum, from subterranean waters at the mouth of the Amazon River (Siluriformes, Incertae Sedis)" (PDF). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 35. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo: 327–339.
Ferraris, Carl J. Jr. (2007). "Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1418: 1–628. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Heptapteridae". FishBase. December 2011 version.
Henderson, P.A.; I. Walker (1990). "Spatial organization and population density of the fish community of the litter banks within a central Amazonian blackwater stream". Journal of Fish Biology. 37 (3): 401–411. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05871.x.
"Cat-eLog: Phreatobius sp.". PlanetCatfish.com. 2004-12-20. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Phreatobius". FishBase. December 2011 version.
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