Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Sciaenidae
Genus: Pareques
Species: P. acuminatus – P. fuscovittatus – P. iwamotoi - P. lanfeari - P. perissa - P. umbrosus – P. viola
Name
Pareques Gill in Goode, 1876
References
Pareques – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Pareques species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
Pareques is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers.[1] These fishes are found in the western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Pareques was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1876 by the American biologist Theodore Gill with Grammistes acuminatus as its only species.[1] G. acuminatus was first formally described in 1801 by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, although they did not give a type locality.[2] The genus Pareques has been placed in the subfamily Sciaeninae by some authors,[3] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.[4]
Etymology
Pareques means "near to Eques".[5]
Species
The species of this genus are:[6]
Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), high-hat
Pareques fuscovittatus (Kendall & Radcliffe, 1912), fusco drum
Pareques iwamotoi Miller & Woods, 1988, blackbar drum
Pareques lanfeari (Barton, 1947), royal high-hat
Pareques lineatus (Cuvier, 1830), southern high-hat[7]
Pareques perissa (Heller & Snodgrass, 1903), odd high-hat
Pareques umbrosus (Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889), cubbyu
Pareques viola (Gilbert, 1898), gungo high-hat
Characteristics
Pareques croakers possess deep, oblong-shaped bodies with a snout that protrudes past the inferior mouth. There is a notch in the upper jaw and the lower jaw is completely hidden by the upper when the mouth is closed. There are five pores on the chin but no barbels and the preoperculum has small serrations. They have a long based dorsal fin which is spilt into two parts, the first is spiny and is tall, but its height is less than the length of the head. The second part of the dorsal fin is supported by between 38 and 44 soft rays and the short based anal fin is supported by two spines and seven or eight soft rays. The scales of the body are ctenoid while those on the head are cycloid and there are thick coverings of scales on the bases of the soft-rayed part of the dorsal and anal fins.[8] The largest of these fishes is the royal high-hat (P. lanfeari) with a maximum published total length of 40 centimetres (16 inches), while the smallest is the fusco drum (P. fuscovittatus) with a maximum published total length of 20 cm (7.9 in).[6]
Distribution
Pareques croakers are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the western Atlantic Ocean. In the Pacific, four species range from the Gulf of California south to Peru, with one species, the odd high-hat (P. perissa), being endemic to the Galápagos Islands. In the western Atlantic, the species range from Chesapeake Bay south to Santa Catarina, Brazil.[2]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pareques". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Pareques". FishBase. February 2023 version.
Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo; Oliveira, Claudio; Maximiano, Loriane; Tavera, Jose; Acero, Arturo P.; Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires (2022-10-14). "Review of the Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) species complex, with revalidation of Pareques lineatus (Cuvier, 1830) from the Western Atlantic (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae)". Zootaxa. 5195 (5): 401–418. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5195.5.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 37044417.
"Genus: Pareques, Drum Croaker, Drums, Highhats, Croakers". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
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