Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Serranidae
Subfamilia: Serraninae
Genus: Paralabrax
Species: P. albomaculatus – P. auroguttatus – P. callaensis – P. clathratus – P. dewegeri – P. humeralis – P. loro – P. maculatofasciatus – P. nebulifer
Name
Paralabrax Girard, 1856
References
Paralabrax – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Paralabrax species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Paralabrax albomaculatus
Paralabrax is a genus of fishes in the family Serranidae. They are known commonly as rock basses.[3] The nine species in the genus are native to rocky reef habitat in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans, where they are often dominant predators in the ecosystem.[3] They are also commercially important in local fisheries.[3]
Biology
Like many fish in the family Serranidae, some Paralabrax species are hermaphrodites, specifically protogynous hermaphrodites, which are female when young and eventually change into males. Others are gonochores, with individuals being either male or female and never changing sex. Gonochores in this genus are thought to be "secondary gonochores", species with ancestors that were hermaphrodites and lost the ability to change sex. An exception is the barred sand bass (P. nebulifer), which is a gonochore which has retained the ability.[4] In addition, the spotted sand bass (P. maculatofasciatus) appears to be flexible, with some populations made up of gonochores and some made up of hermaphroditic individuals.[5]
Paralabrax species generally spawn early in summer, their larvae joining the ichthyoplankton when the water is warmest.[6]
Economic importance
spotted sand bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus) at a fish market in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
Several species are of economic importance as food fish. The spotted sand bass (P. maculatofasciatus) is harvested in the commercial fishing industry and is caught for subsistence.[7]
Some of these fish are also popular catches in recreational fishing. The kelp bass (P. clathratus) and barred sand bass (P. nebulifer) are sought after in the waters along the coast of Southern California and northern Baja California, where they have both been in the top three species caught on commercial sportfishing tours.[8]
Systematics
This genus is a basal clade in the Serraninae, the basal subfamily in the family Serranidae. In terms of its evolutionary history, these fish species have characteristics that were present in the earliest known members of the family.[3][9] A phylogenetic analysis showed that the grey threadfin sea-bass (Cratinus agassizii) is the sister taxon to genus Paralabrax.[3]
Species include:[10]
Paralabrax albomaculatus (Jenyns, 1840) (camotillo)
Paralabrax auroguttatus Walford, 1936 (goldspotted sand bass)
Paralabrax callaensis Starks, 1906 (southern rock bass)
Paralabrax clathratus (Girard, 1854) (kelp bass)
Paralabrax dewegeri (Metzelaar, 1919) (vieja)
Paralabrax humeralis (Valenciennes, 1828) (Peruvian rock seabass)
Paralabrax loro Walford, 1936 (parrot sand bass)
Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner, 1868) (spotted sand bass)
Paralabrax nebulifer (Girard, 1854) (barred sand bass)
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Paralabrax". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Serraninae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
Pondella, D. J., et al. (2003). The phylogeny of Paralabrax (Perciformes: Serranidae) and allied taxa inferred from partial 16S and 12S mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, 176-84.
Hovey, C. B., et al. (2002). The reproductive pattern of barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer) from southern California. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report 43 174-81.
Hovey, T. E. and L. G. Allen. (2000). Reproductive patterns of six populations of the spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, from Southern and Baja California. Copeia 2000(2) 459-68.
Oda, D. L., et al. (1993). Reproductive biology of three California species of Paralabrax (Pisces: Serranidae). California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report 34, 122-32.
Loflen, C. L. (2013). Examination of spotted sand bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus) pollutant bioaccumulation in San Diego Bay, San Diego, California. PeerJ 1:e213 DOI 10.7717/peerj.213.
Love, M. S., et al. (1996). Aspects of the life histories of the kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus, and barred sand bass, P. nebulifer, from the southern California Bight. Fishery Bulletin 94(3), 472-81.
Sadovy, Y. and M. L. Domeier. (2005). Perplexing problems of sexual patterns in the fish genus Paralabrax (Serranidae, Serraninae). Journal of Zoology 267(2), 121-33.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. Species List: Paralabrax. FishBase. 2014.
Vernacular names
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