Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Centrarchiformes
Subordo: Cirrhitoidei
Superfamilia: Cirrhitoidea
Familia: Cirrhitidae
Genus: Paracirrhites
Species: P. amblycephalus – P. arcatus –P. bicolor – P. forsteri – P. hemistictus – P. nisus – P. xanthus
Name
Paracirrhites Bleeker, 1874
References
Paracirrhites – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Paracirrhites species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
Paracirrhites is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, hawkfishes belonging to the family Cirrhitidae. These fishes are found on tropical reefs of the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Paracirrhites was described in 1874 by the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker, Bleeker designated Grammistes forsteri, described by the German naturalist Johann Gottlob Schneider in 1801, as the type species for his new genus in 1876.[1] This genus appears to be a sister taxon to the genera Amblycirrhitus and Cirrhitus within the Cirrhitidae.[2] The genus name is a compound of para meaning “near" or "similar to" and Cirrhites, an alternative spelling of the type genus of the family Cirrhitidae, Cirrhitus.[3] There are three species of little known, small, largely sympatric and very similar Paracirrhites hawkfishes from Polynesia, P. bicolor, P. nisus and P. xanthus. These were all described by John E. Randall in 1963. It has been suggested that these are actually colour morphs of the same polymorphic species which has undergone some introgression of genes from the widespread and also sympatric arc-eye hawkfish.[4]
Species
The six currently recognized species in this genus are:[5]
Paracirrhites arcatus (G. Cuvier, 1829) (arc-eye hawkfish)
Paracirrhites bicolor J. E. Randall, 1963
Paracirrhites forsteri (J. G. Schneider, 1801) (blackside hawkfish)
Paracirrhites hemistictus (Günther, 1874) (whitespot hawkfish)
Paracirrhites nisus J. E. Randall, 1963
Paracirrhites xanthus J. E. Randall, 1963
Some authorities treat Paracirrhites amblycephalus as a valid species[6] but Fishbase treats this taxon as a synonym of P. arcatus.[7]
Characteristics
Parracirrhites hawkfishes are distinguished from other cirrhitid genera by having 5 scale rows between the lateral line and the base of the spiny part of the dorsal fin, each spine in the dorsal fin has a single cirrus at its tip and the membranes between the spines in the dorsal fin are not deeply notched. There are no teeth on the palatine.[2] Other common features are the upper 1-2 and lower 6-7 pectoral fin rays are unbranched and robust, they have 11 soft dorsal fin rays and the preoperculum is either smooth or has very small serrations. The pectoral fins do not extend as far as the tips of the pelvic fins and the caudal fin varies from truncate to rounded.[8] These fish vary in total length between 7.4 cm (2.9 in) in the case of Paracirrhites bicolor[9] and 29 cm (11 in) for the whitespot hawkfish (P. hemistictus).[5]
Distribution and habitat
Paracirrhites hawkfishes have an Indo-Pacific distribution with a range which extends from East Africa east as far as Hawaii.[5] They are associated with coral reefs and rocky substrates.[10]
Biology
Paracirrhites hawkfishes are predatoruy fish which prey on other fishes and crustaceans. They are sit and wait predators which rest on the substrate or perch on corals and other benthic invertebrates, adults lacking a swimbladder.[11]
Utilisation
Paracirrhites hawkfishes belonging to the smaller, commoner species P. arcutus and P. forsteri are collected for the aquarium trade.[12] The larger species are sometimes fished for food but on a limited commercial basis.[10]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cirrhitidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
Gaither, Michelle & Randall, John (2012). "On the validity of the cirrhitid fish genus Itycirrhitus". aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 18: 219–226.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (25 February 2021). "Order Centrachiformes: Families Centrarchidae, Elassomatidae, Enoplosidae, Sinipercidae, Aplodactyildae, Cheilodactylidae, Chironemidae, Cirrhitidae, Latridae, Percichthyidae, Dichistiidae, Girellidae, Kuhlidae, Kyphosidae, Oplegnathidae, Terapontidae, Microanthidae and Scorpididae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
Joe Rowlett (2016). "A Polynesian Hawkfish Mystery – Paracirrhites xanthus, P. nisus & P. bicolor". reefs.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Paracirrhites". FishBase. June 2021 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Paracirrhites". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Paracirrhites arcatus". FishBase. June 2021 version.
Randall, J. E. (1963). "Review of the hawkfishes (family Cirrhitidae)". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 114 (3472): 389–451.
Greenfield, D. & Williams, I. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paracirrhites bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T67997876A115454240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T67997876A68001721.en. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
J.E. Randall (2001). "Cirrhitidae". In Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) (PDF). Rome, FAO. pp. 3321–3328.
"Freckled Hawkfish Paracirrhites forsteri". scubatravel. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
"Hawkfishes". Saltcorner. Bob Goemans. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
Bleeker P., 1874. Sur les espèces insulindiennes de la famille des Cirrhitéoïdes. Versl. Akad. Amsterdam v. 15. 1-20.
Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., 1829. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome troisième. Suite du Livre troisième. Des percoïdes à dorsale unique à sept rayons branchiaux et à dents en velours ou en cardes. Historie naturelle des poissons. v. 3: i-xxviii + 2 pp. + 1–500, Pls. 41–71.
Randall, J. E., 1963. Review of the hawkfishes (family Cirrhitidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 114 (núm. 3472): 389–451, 16 pls.
Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G., 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae.: i-lx + 1–584, Pls. 1–110.
Günther, A., 1874. Andrew Garrett's Fische der Südsee. Band I, Heft. III. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, Band II, Heft VII. F. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg. Andrew Garrett's Fische der Südsee.: 58–96, Pls. 40–60.
Bibliography
Fritzsche, R.A., 1982. Osteichthyes. A: Parker, S.P., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York: 858–944.
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