Paracheirodon axelrodi
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Characiformes
Familia: Characidae
Genus: Paracheirodon
Species: Paracheirodon axelrodi
Name
Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956)
Etymology: named after Herbert R. Axelrod, author, publisher of pet care books, and entrepreneur.
Synonyms
Cheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956
Hyphessobrycon cardinalis Myers & Weitzman, 1956
Vernacular names
العربية: كاردينال تترا
azərbaycanca: Kardinal tetra
Boarisch: Kardinoitetra
български: Червен неон
brezhoneg: Kardinal
čeština: Neonka červená
Deutsch: Roter Neon
English: Cardinal Tetra
español: Cardenal
suomi: Kardinaalitetra
magyar: Vörös neonhal
italiano: Cardinale
日本語: カージナルテトラ
lietuvių: Raudonasis neonas
Nederlands: Kardinaaltetra
norsk: Kardinaltetra
polski: Neon czerwony
português: Tetra-cardeal
русский: Красный неон
svenska: Kardinaltetra
ไทย: ปลาคาร์ดินัล
українська: Неон червоний
中文: 宝莲灯鱼
The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is a freshwater fish of the family Characidae of order Characiformes. It is native to the upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers in South America. Growing to about 3 cm (1.2 in) total length, the cardinal tetra has the striking iridescent blue line characteristic of the genus Paracheirodon laterally bisecting the fish, with the body below this line being vivid red in color, hence the name "cardinal tetra". The cardinal tetra's appearance is similar to that of the closely related neon tetra, with which it is often confused; the neon's red coloration extends only about halfway to the nose, and the neon's blue stripe is a less vibrant blue.
The cardinal tetra is a very popular aquarium fish, but is less widespread than the neon tetra because until recently, it was difficult to breed in captivity. However, many breeders are now producing the fish; in most cases, one can determine if the cardinal tetra is bred or wild-caught due to damaged fins on wild-caught specimens. Some ichthyologists believe fishkeepers should continue to support the sustainable cardinal fishery of the Amazon Basin, since thousands of people are employed in the region to capture fish for the aquarium trade. If those fishermen lost their livelihoods catching cardinals and other tropical fish, they might turn their attention to engaging in deforestation.[3]
Taxonomy
American ichthyologist Leonard Peter Schultz described the cardinal tetra in 1956 as Cheirodon axelrodi.[2] The specific epithet honors ichthyologist Herbert R. Axelrod. Hyphessobrycon cardinalis is an obsolete synonym. The fish's common name, cardinal tetra, refers to the brilliant red coloration, reminiscent of a cardinal's robes. P. axelrodi is also often called the red neon tetra.
The species exists in a number of different color forms or phenotypes. A "gold" and "silver-blonde" form exists in the Rio Negro drainage that has less blue in the longitudinal stripe. The normal form from the Rio Negro drainage has a blue stripe, which extends to the adipose fin, while the Orinoco drainage phenotype has a stripe that stops posterior to the adipose. The Orinoco phenotype may represent a subspecies of P. axelrodi.
Description
The cardinal tetra (above) has more red on the underside than the superficially similar neon tetra (below).
The cardinal tetra has bright red ventral parts and an iridescent blue line that runs horizontally along its body. The characteristic iridescence of this and related fishes, such as the neon tetra, is a structural color, caused by refraction of light within guanine crystals that develop within special cells called iridocytes in the subcutaneous layer. The exact shade of blue seen depends on the viewing angle of the viewer relative to the fish - if the viewpoint changes so as to look at the fish more from below, the colour will change hue, becoming more deeply sapphire blue and even indigo. Change of viewpoint to one above the fishes, however, and the color becomes more greenish. Cardinal tetras appear to grow larger in captivity than they do in the wild.[4] They have a large stomach and small gut.[4]
Distribution and habitat
Cardinal tetras are found on the upper Orinoco and the Negro, which are located in Colombia and Venezuela and Brazil, respectively.
Ecology and behavior
Diet
The cardinal tetra forages in areas of slow-moving, shallow water. It is predominantly predatory, feeding on tiny animals found on underwater plants, roots, and leaf litter. Creatures commonly eaten include the larvae of chironomid midges and microcrustaceans such as water fleas (Cladocera) of the families Moinidae, Macrotrichidae, and Daphniidae, and copepods of the family Harpacticidae. Other organisms eaten include other fly larvae, insect eggs, rotifers, and testate amoebae.[4]
Reproduction
In the wild, the cardinal tetra swims upstream in large numbers to parts of its native river habitat completely enclosed above by rainforest canopy. Such waters are subject to heavy shading by the rainforest trees, and virtually no sunlight reaches them. Here, the fishes spawn in large aggregations. If the fishes are ready to spawn, the male pursues the female into fine-leaved plants; her fuller outline, which usually indicates the presence of ripe eggs within her reproductive tract, should be readily apparent at this point. If the female is ready, she allows the male to swim alongside her, and together, the pair release eggs and sperm.
Lifespan
The fish might also be effectively an annual species with a lifespan of just a single year in nature. It lives for several years in captivity. For those seeking to breed them in the aquarium, the best way to do so is by mimicking the same natural setup. A study conducted in Manaus, Brazil, subjected cardinal tetras to adverse water conditions for 96 hours. The fish perished at a low temperature of 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) and a high of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F), and pH below 2.9 or above 8.8.[5]
In the aquarium trade
A shoal of cardinal tetras in an aquarium
An entire industry is in place in Barcelos on the banks of Brazil's Rio Negro in which the local population catches fish for the aquarium trade. The cardinal fishery here is highly valued by the local people who act as stewards for the environment. The local people may not become involved in potentially environmentally damaging activities, such as deforestation, because they can make a sustainable living from the fishery.[3]
Between the years of 2006 to 2015, over 92,000,000 cardinal tetras were exported from the state of Amazonas, accounting for 64.57% of all ornamental fish exports from the state during this time.[6]
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
Project Piaba
References
IUCN (2023). "Paracheirodon axelrodi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T164584363A164584373. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T164584363A164584373.en. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Paracheirodon axelrodi". FishBase. December 2019 version.
"Background about the Fishery and History | Project Piaba". projectpiaba.org. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Walker, Ilse (2004). "The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat". Acta Amazonica. 34 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672004000100009.
Sarah Ragonha de Oliveira; Rondon Tatsuta Yamane Baptista de SouzaI; Érica da Silva Santiago NunesI; Cristiane Suely Melo de CarvalhoI; Glauber Cruz de MenezesI; Jaydione Luíz MarconII; Rodrigo Roubach; Eduardo Akifumi OnoI; Elizabeth Gusmão Affonso (2008). "Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an amazonian ornamental fish". Acta Amazonica. 38 (4): 773–779. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672008000400023.
Tribuzy-Neto, Ivan Azevedo; Beltrão, Hélio; Benzaken, Zehev Schwartz & Yamamoto, Kedma Cristine (26 March 2021). "Analysis of the Ornamental Fish Exports from the Amazon State, Brazil". Boletim do Instituto de Pesca. 46 (4). doi:10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.4.554. ISSN 1678-2305. Retrieved 25 April 2024.Open access icon
"Paracheirodon axelrodi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 December 2004.
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