Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Siluriformes
Familia: Loricariidae
Subfamilia: Hypostominae
Tribus: Ancistrini
Genus: Panaque
Species: P. armbrusteri – P. bathyphilus – P. cochliodon – P. nigrolineatus – P. schaeferi – P. suttonorum – P. titan
Name
Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889
The genus Panaque contains a small number of small to medium-sized South American suckermouth armoured catfishes that are notable for being among the very few vertebrates that feed extensively on wood.[1] In addition, algae and aufwuchs are an important part of the diet, and they use their rasping teeth to scrape this from rocks. These fish are also popular aquarium fish, where the sound of scraping as these fish forage for food is easily audible.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
Scobinancistrus and Panaqolus are sometimes considered to be subgenera of this genus.[2]
Species
There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:[3]
Panaque armbrusteri Lujan, Hidalgo & D. J. Stewart, 2010[4]
Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon, 2008
Panaque cochliodon Steindachner, 1879
Panaque nigrolineatus W. K. H. Peters, 1877 (Royal panaque)
Panaque schaeferi Lujan, Hidalgo & D. J. Stewart, 2010[4]
Panaque suttonorum L. P. Schultz, 1944 (Blue-eye panaque)
Panaque titan Lujan, Hidalgo & D. J. Stewart, 2010[4]
Etymology
The name Panaque is a Latinisation of a native Venezuelan name for these fish. It is pronounced "pan ack" in Britain and Europe, but often as "pan aki" or "pan a kay" in America. The Japanese call these fish "pana koo ee".[citation needed]
Distribution and habitat
Panaque are found in the Magdalena River, Orinoco River, Amazon River, Essequibo River, and Lake Maracaibo drainages.[5] All Panaque come from tropical South American and inhabit fast-flowing streams and rivers. They are weak swimmers but like other armoured catfish possess a strong sucker-like mouth with which they can hold on to submerged rocks and wood.[citation needed]
Physical characteristics
Mouth and teeth of Panaque nigrolineatus
Like other members of the armoured catfish family (Loricariidae), all Panaque have sturdy, armoured bodies covered in toughened plates of skin called scutes. These are not scales; like all catfish, Panaque lack scales. As well their armour, these catfish have very sturdy dorsal and pectoral fin spines. They use these defensively, either to wedge themselves into cracks from which predators cannot pull them, or else to prevent large predators from swallowing them. Another characteristic typical of the armoured catfish family is an iris. Most fish are unable to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye since they have irises that cannot change size. Both male and female Panaque develop bristles, known as odontodes, on the side of head immediately before and onto the pectoral fins.[citation needed]
Unlike predatory catfish, these omnivorous catfish have very short barbels. These barbels can be seen in the photograph of mouth of a Panaque shown here; they are the short pointed structures on either side of a suckermouth. This sucker-like mouth allows them to attach to rocks and remain stationary with very little expenditure of energy.[citation needed]
Xylophagy (wood consumption and digestion)
Along with the species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (formerly the genus Cochliodon), it has been argued that Panaque are the only fish that can eat and digest wood.[5] Possible adaptations to consuming wood include spoon-shaped, scraper-like teeth and highly angled jaws to chisel wood.[5] Researchers have also identified symbiotic gut bacteria that may allow the fish to digest the wood they consume.[6] However, others have argued that Panaque do not in fact digest wood, and in fact take up very little energy from the wood they consume and actually lose weight when fed just wood.[7] Furthermore, their digestive tracts are no different from those of related catfish and they do not hold wood particles in the gut longer than other catfish, suggesting Panaque are not physically adapted to eating wood, and are in fact detritivores much like other Loricariidae.[7] In September 2010 scientists from the US National Science Foundation claimed to have discovered a new species of wood-eating catfish in the Alto Purús National Park, Peru.[8]
In the aquarium
Several species of Panaque have become popular aquarium fish. The brightly coloured Panaque nigrolineatus is particularly popular and is known as the "royal panaque" or "royal pleco", monikers which reflect its comparative costliness and beauty over the common pleco. Royal plecos have a greyish-green base color against which thick, dark bluish-black stripes are set; their fins are edged with gold or cream, and their eyes are red. In captivity, royal plecos typically grow to around 30 centimeters in length.[9]
A second species, Panaque cochliodon, is familiar to many aquarists as the "blue-eyed pleco". Though the blue-eyed pleco was widely traded in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it is now only rarely exported from its native Colombia.[10] It is also associated with the binomina Panaque suttonorum and P. suttoni, though Panaque suttonorum is a different fish which only comes from Venezuela. Blue-eyed plecos reach a similar size to royal plecos, but because many specimens are infected with a bacterium closely related to Rickettsia, mortality immediately after import can be high.[11] However, once they have settled in and begun feeding, they are no more difficult to keep than royal plecos.[citation needed]
All Panaque catfish require much the same care in captivity. Panaque mainly demand a mixed diet including green algae, fresh vegetables such as carrots, courgettes, and spinach, but because they are argued to be xylophagous, many aquarists provide driftwood for them to graze upon, as well. The meaty foods enjoyed by other plecos are not required. Because they are relatively big for aquarium fish and produce an unusually large amount of waste, a high-capacity tank and filter are essential. Royal panaques tolerate a wider range of water chemistry than others—they prefer somewhat soft, slightly acid water but they will tolerate hard, alkaline water.[citation needed]
In terms of behavior, Panaque are peaceful and nocturnal bottom-dwellers which make good residents in community tanks. Like most of the other armored catfish, they are territorial, and groups should only be kept in very large tanks.[citation needed]
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
References
"Panaque respirometry paper". Archived from the original on 2006-02-22. Retrieved 2006-01-15.
Armbruster, Jon. "Panaque". Retrieved 2007-03-31.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Panaque". FishBase. December 2011 version.
Revision of Panaque (Panaque), with Descriptions of Three New Species from the Amazon Basin (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) - bioone.org Retrieved 2011-01-03
Chockley, Brandon R.; Armbruster, Jonathan W. (May 2002). "Panaque changae, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from eastern Peru" (PDF). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 13 (1): 81–90. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Nelson, J. A.; Wubah, D. A.; Whitmer, M. E.; Johnson, E. A.; Stewart, D. J. (1999). "Wood-eating catfishes of the genus Panaque: gut microflora and cellulolytic enzyme activities". Journal of Fish Biology. 54 (5): 1069–1082. Bibcode:1999JFBio..54.1069N. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00858.x.
German, D. P. (2009). "Inside the guts of wood-eating catfishes: can they digest wood?". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 179 (8): 1011–1023. doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0381-1. PMC 2762535. PMID 19562350.
Govan, Fiona (2010-09-14). "Wood-eating catfish discovered in Peru". London: The Daily Telegraph, UK. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
"PlanetCatfish::Catfish of the Month::May 1999". 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
PlanetCatfish • Frequently Asked Questions
Khoo, L.; Dennis, P. M.; Lewbart, G. A. (1995). "Rickettsia-like organisms in the blue-eyed plecostomus, Panaque suttoni (Eigenmann & Eigenmann)". Journal of Fish Diseases. 18 (2): 157–164. Bibcode:1995JFDis..18..157K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00273.x.
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