Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Notothenioidei
Familia: Nototheniidae
Subfamilia: Trematominae
Genus: Pagothenia
Species: P. borchgrevinki – P. brachysoma
Name
Pagothenia Nichols & Monte, 1936
Pagothenia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. These fishes occur in the Southern Ocean.
Taxonomy
Pagothenia was formally described as a monotypic genus in 1936 by the American zoologists John Treadwell Nichols and Francesca Raimonde La Monte with the type species being P. antarctica which Nichols and La Monte were describing as a new species.[1] P. antarctica was subsequently shown to be a synonym of P. brachysoma which was described by the German zoologist Paul Pappenheim [de] in 1912. P. brachysoma is now regarded as a junior synonym of Notothenia phocae which was described in 1844 by the naval surgeon, Arctic explorer and naturalist John Richardson.[2] Some authorities place this genus in the subfamily Trematominae,[3] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not include subfamilies in the Nototheniidae.[4] Nichols and La Monte did not explain the etymology of the generic name but it may be a compound of the Greek words pagos which means "frost", being the root of the word pagophilia for someone who thrives or prefers to live in ice, and thenia which means "coming from" possibly a reference to the occurrence of P. antarctica under ice, the types being captured through a seal hole in crevasse filled with water.[5]
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:[2]
Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) (bald notothen)
Pagothenia phocae (Richardson, 1844) (stocky rockcod)
Characteristics
Pagothenia have oblong bodies which are compressed towards the tail. They have a moderately sized mouth with the maxilla reaching to just beyond the front of the eye. The jaws are equipped with rows of small, sharp, conical teeth, larger at the front of the mouth and forming a single row at its back. The body is clothed in small, slightly ctenoid and non ctenoid scales with a largely naked head. The lateral lines are rather vague and may, or may not, have tubed scales. The rounded caudal fin has 16-17 branched rays. The pectoral fins are longer than the pelvic fins.[6] The bald notothen reaches a maximum total length of 28 cm (11 in) while the stocky rock off is smaller with a maximum total length of 17.2 cm (6.8 in).[3]
Distribution, habitat and biology
Pagothenia are found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica where they are cryopelagic, living on the underside of the sea ice. The juveniles have been found among krill swarms. The adults feed on krill and copepods.[6] They spawn annually and have a long pelagic larval phase.[3]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Nototheniidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pagothenia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2021). Species of Pagothenia in FishBase. June 2021 version.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 465. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
H.H. Dewitt; P.C. Heemstra; and O. Gon (1990). "Nototheniidae Notothens". In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.). Fishes of the Southern Ocean. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 9780868102115.
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