Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Sciaenidae
Genus: Otolithes
Species: O. cuvieri – O. magdalenae – O. ruber
Name
Otolithes Oken, 1817
References
Otolithes – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Otolithes species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
Otolithes is a small genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. The three recognised species in the genus are found in the Indo-West Pacific region.
Taxonomy
Otolithes was first proposed as a genus in 1817 by the German naturalist Lorenz Oken. Its only species was Johnius ruber,[1] which had been described by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider in 1801 from the "Indian Ocean".[2] J. ruber was subsequently designated as the type species of the genus in 1861 by Theodore Gill.[1] Workers have recognised that there were more than two taxonomic units, or lineages, within Otolithes and that these may represent previously unrecognised cryptic species and in 2019 O. arabicus from the Persian Gulf was described as a third species in the genus, distinct from O. ruber and there may be a fourth, as yet undescribed, species in the western Indian Ocean which is found from South Africa to Gujarat.[3] This genus has been placed in the subfamily Otolithinae by some workers,[4] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae, which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.[5]
Etymology
Otolithes was proposed as the genus name in 1817 by Oken based on Georges Cuvier's les otolithes of 1816. Cuvier explained in 1830 that this was based on the peche-pierre, a name meaning "peach stone" which was used by French and Portuguese colonial settlers in Pondicherry and refers to the large otoliths of Johnius ruber.[6]
Species
Otolithes contains three described, recognised species:[7][2]
Otolithes arabicus Y.-J. Lin, Qurban, K. N. Shen and Chao, 2019 (Arabian tigertooth croaker)
Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974 (Lesser tigertooth croaker)
Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Tigertooth croaker)
Characteritics
Otolithes tigertooth croakers have rather slim, elongate bodies in which the length of the head is slightly greater than the depth of the body. They have a large upwardly pointing mouth with a protruding lower jaw. There are no pores on the snout and there are one or two pairs of large canine-like teeth in the front of either the upper jaw or both jaws. The head and anterior portion of the body are covered in cycloid scales. The swim bladder is shaped like a carrot and the forward branches do not extend into the head.[8] The largest species is O. ruber which has a maximum published total length of 90 cm (35 in).[7]
Distribution and habitat
Otolithes tigertooth croakers are found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans from South Africa east to Australia. They are found in inshore and coastal waters.[8]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Otolithes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
Lin, Y.-J.; M. A. Qurban; K. N. Shen; and N. L. Chao (2019). "Delimitation of tiger-tooth croaker Otolithes species (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) from the western Arabian Gulf using an integrative approach, with a description of Otolithes arabicus sp. nov.". Zoological Studies. 58 (10): 1–18. doi:10.6620/ZS.2019.58-10. PMC 6759924. PMID 31966311.
Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Otolithes". FishBase. February 2023 version.
Kunio Sasaki (2022). "Family Sciaenidae Croakers, Drums and Cobs". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean Volume 3 (PDF). South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 389–414. ISBN 978-1-990951-30-5.
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