Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Infraclassis: Euselachii
Division/Cohort: Neoselachii
Subdivision/Subcohort: Selachimorpha
Superordo: Galeomorphii
Ordo: Lamniformes
Familia: Odontaspididae
Subfamiliae: Odontaspidinae – †Johnlonginae
Genera (2 + 8†): Carcharias - Odontaspis – †Araloselachus – †Borealotodus – †Hypotodus – †Jaekelotodus – †Mennerotodus – †Palaeohypotodus – †Pseudomegachasma – †Roulletia
Name
Odontaspididae Müller & Henle, 1839
References
Primary references
Müller, J.P. & Henle, F.G.J. 1838–41. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Veit und Comp., Berlin. i–xxii + 1–200, 60 pls. [Pp. 1–28 published in 1838, reset pp. 27–28, 29–102 in 1839, i–xxii + 103–200 in 1841.] BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Sand shark
Nederlands: Tijgerhaai
Sand sharks, also known as sand tiger sharks, gray nurse sharks or ragged tooth sharks, are mackerel sharks of the family Odontaspididae. They are found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. The three species are in two genera.
Description
The long, narrow and sharp teeth of Odontaspididae (here Odontaspis ferox).
The body tends to be brown with dark markings in the upper half. These markings disappear as they mature. Their needle-like teeth are highly adapted for impaling fish, their main prey. Their teeth are long, narrow, and very sharp with smooth edges, with one and on occasion two smaller cusplets on either side.[2] Sand sharks have a large second dorsal fin.[1] The sand shark can grow up to 3.2 m (10 ft) long, and most adults can weigh around 200 kg (440 lb). The average lifespan of both sexes is only about 7 years, though they may live longer in captivity.
Location and origins
The name sand shark comes from their tendency to migrate toward shoreline habitats, and they are often seen swimming around the ocean floor in the surf zone; at times, they come very close to shore. They are often found in warm or temperate waters throughout the world's oceans, except the eastern Pacific.[3] They also frequent the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas at depths from 20 to 200 m (66 to 656 ft) and sometimes more.[4]
Behavior
The sand shark has a unique hunting strategy. It is able to gulp air from above the surface and collect the air in its stomach. This enables it to become buoyant and approach its prey virtually motionless. During the day, the sand shark stays mostly inactive, but at night, it becomes active and resumes hunting activities.[5] Its staple is small fish, but it eats crustaceans and squid, as well. It occasionally hunts in shivers (groups), and has even been known to attack full fishing nets.
Reproduction
Sand sharks only develop two embryos, one in each uterus. The largest and strongest embryos consume their siblings in the womb (intrauterine cannibalism) before each surviving pup is born.[6] It has one of the lowest reproduction rates of all sharks and is susceptible to even minimal population pressure, so it is listed as vulnerable and is protected in much of its range.[7]
Attacks on people
Sand sharks are not known to attack humans. If a person were to provoke a sand shark, it may retaliate defensively. Sand sharks are generally not aggressive, but harass divers who are spearfishing. In North America, wreck divers regularly visit the World War II shipwrecks to dive with the sharks that make the wrecks their home.[8]
Conservation
A recent report from the PEW Charitable Trusts suggests a new management approach used for large mammals that have suffered population declines could hold promise for sharks. Because of the life-history characteristics of sharks, conventional fisheries management approaches, such as reaching maximum sustainable yield, may not be sufficient to rebuild depleted shark populations. Some of the more stringent approaches used to reverse declines in large mammals may be appropriate for sharks, including prohibitions on the retention of the most vulnerable species and regulation of international trade.[9]
Species
Teeth of Synodontaspis gracilis
The family contains three extant species, in two genera, as well as many extinct species in several genera. Recent mitochondrial DNA analysis of extant members has found the two extant members do not actually form a monophyletic clade. This family is therefore polyphyletic and in need of revision.[10]
Genus Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810
Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 (sand tiger shark) [11]
Genus Odontaspis Agassiz 1838
Odontaspis ferox A. Risso, 1810 (smalltooth sand tiger)
Odontaspis noronhai Maul, 1955 (bigeye sand tiger)
Subfamily Odontaspinae † Herman, 1975 [12]
Genus Striatolamia † Glikman, 1964
Genus Carcharoides † Ameghino, 1901
Genus Parodontaspis † White, 1931
Genus Priodontaspis † Ameghino, 1901
Genus Pseudoisurus † Glikman, 1957
Genus Synodontaspis † White, 1931
Subfamily Johnlonginae † Shimada, 2015[13]
Genus Johnlongia †
Genus Pseudomegachasma † (Shimada, 2015)
References
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Odontaspididae". FishBase. January 2009 version.
Bigelow, Henry B.; Schroeder, William C. (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
National Geographic (10 September 2010). "Sand Tiger Sharks". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
the-shark-side-of-life.com. "Sand Sharks". The Shark Side of life.
"Sand Tiger Shark Profile". National Geographic. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
Martin, Aidan. "Intrauterine Cannibalism in Sharks". elasmo-research.org. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Rigby, C.L.; Carlson, J.; Derrick, D.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021). "Carcharias taurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T3854A2876505. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T3854A2876505.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Decker, Robert. "Ghosts in the Graveyard: N.C. Shark Diving". ScubaDiving.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
"Considering Shark Biology in Management". pewtrusts.org. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Vella, Noel; Vella, Adriana (2020-07-02). "The complete mitogenome of the Critically Endangered smalltooth sand tiger shark, Odontaspis ferox (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 5 (3): 3319–3322. doi:10.1080/23802359.2020.1814886. PMC 7782878. PMID 33458146.
"Carcharias taurus, Sand tiger shark (Rafinesque 1810)". fishba.se. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
"Fossilworks: Odontaspinae". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
"SHIMADA, K. & POPOV, E.V. & SIVERSSON, M. & WELTON, B.J. & LONG, D.L. (2015) | Literature | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
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