Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Infraclassis: Euselachii
Division/Cohort: Neoselachii
Subdivision/Subcohort: Batoidea
Superordo: Batomorphii
Ordo: Myliobatiformes
Superfamilia: Myliobatoidea - Plesiobatoidea
References
Myliobatiformes in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
English: stingrays
français: Rajiformes
עברית: טחנאים
magyar: Sasrájaalakúak
日本語: トビエイ目
polski: Orleniokształtne
ไทย: ปลากระเบน
Myliobatiformes (/mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmiːz/) is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks.[2][3] They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.[4][5]
Classification
Myliobatiformes is classified as follows in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[6]
Family Zanobatidae Fowler. 1934 (panrays)
Family Hexatrygonidae Heemstra & M. M. Smith, 1980 (sixgill stingrays)
Family Dasyatidae D. S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1879 (whiptail stingrays)
Subfamily Dasyatinae D. S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1879 (stingrays)
Subfamily Neotrygoninae Castelnau, 1873 (shortsnout stingrays)
Subfamily Urogymninae Gray, 1851 (whiprays)
Subfamily Hypolophinae Stromer, 1910 (cowtail stingrays)
Family Potamotrygonidae Garman, 1877 (neotropical stingrays)
Subfamily Styracurinae Carvalho, Loboda & da Silva 2016 (whiptail stingrays)
Subfamily Potamotrygoninae Garman 1877 (river stingrays)
Family Urotrygonidae McEachran, Dunn & Miyake, 1996 (American round stingrays)
Family Gymnuridae Fowler, 1934 (butterfly rays)
Family Plesiobatidae K. Nishida, 1990 (deepwater stingrays or giant stingarees)
Family Urolophidae J. P. Müller & Henle 1841 (round stingrays or stingarees)
Family Aetobatidae Agassiz, 1858 (pelagic eagle rays)
Family Myliobatidae Bonaparte 1835 (eagle rays)
Family Rhinopteridae D. S, Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (cownose rays)
Family Mobulidae Gill, 1893 (mantas or devil rays)
The family Aetobatidae is recognised by some authorities. It contains the genus Aetobatus, which is otherwise part of Myliobatinae. [7]
The families Myliobatidae and Rhombodontidae are sometimes grouped in their own superfamily, Myliobatoidea.[8]
References
Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (2010-05-18). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011. ISSN 0272-4634.
Froese, R.; Pauly, D. "Myliobatiformes". WoRMS. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
"Order Summary for Myliobatiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
Martin, R. Aidan. "Myliobatiformes: Stingrays". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
White, William T.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2016). "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435–438. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470816.
Hoganson, John; Erickson, J. Mark; Holland, F. D. "Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas of the Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, No. 398: 1–94". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 398. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398.
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