Megalops cyprinoides (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Elopocephalai
Supercohors: Elopocephala
Cohors/Superordo: Elopomorpha
Ordo: Elopiformes
Familia: Megalopidae
Genus: Megalops
Species: Megalops cyprinoides
Name
Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1872)
Vernacular names
English: Pacific tarpon, Indo-Pacific tarpon
Bahasa Indonesia: Bulan-bulan
日本語: イセゴイ
Nederlands: Indopacifische tarpoen
தமிழ்: மோரான் கெண்டை
ไทย: ปลาตาเหลือก, ปลาข้าวเหนียวบูด, ปลาแปซิฟิกทาร์ปอน
The Indo-Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides), also known as the oxeye herring or simply herring due to its superficial resemblance to the true herrings, of which it is not a member, is the smaller of the two species of tarpon and lives in Indo-Pacific waters.[4]
Description
In appearance, it is like the much larger Atlantic tarpon, M. atlanticus - olive-green on top, and silver on the sides. The large mouth is turned upwards; the lower jaw contains an elongated, bony plate. The last ray of the dorsal fin is much longer than the others, reaching nearly to the tail. It is capable of filling its swim bladder with air and absorbing oxygen from it. Those living in fresh water tend to be smaller than the ones living in saltwater, growing just over 50 cm (20 in), while saltwater examples grow over 1 m (3.3 ft). They live upwards of 44 years and mature within two. They complete their metamorphosis from their larval stage in 10 days.[5]
Diet and behavior
They are opportunistic, feeding on smaller fish, crustaceans, and even plants rarely. In salt water, they mainly feed on prawns and herring, but also many other small fish. In fresh water, no significant difference in their food habits is seen; they eat freshwater prawns and bony bream, mainly.[6]
The Indo-Pacific tarpon migrates between the open sea and inland rivers. As with all Elopiformes, it spawns mainly offshore.[7] Juveniles of the species stay inshore and migrate to coastal areas while maturing to spawn. Typically, they spawn twice a year. At sea, the larvae migrate inland and are leptocephalic (flattened, transparent and eel-like). Unlike the barramundi, they are able to breed in fresh and salt water.[8]
They are found at depths to 50 m (160 ft), but are commonly found by the surface in shallow, inshore waters. They inhabit coral reefs, mangroves, swamps, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, floodplains, and canals. In Papua New Guinea, they are reportedly found under large mats of Salvinia molesta.[9]
Distribution
Swim in a flock
The Indo-Pacific tarpon is found from the coasts of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the coastal waters of South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern Japan, French Polynesia, and southern Australia.[4] Their usual habitat is in coastal waters, estuaries and many miles upstream (from the estuaries) in freshwater rivers and lakes. They are amphidromus, i.e. they migrate from the river to the sea, and from the sea to the river. The tarpon lives in many tropical areas of Australia in the tropical, coastal, and brackish waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean in both fresh and salt water. They are widely distributed from Australia, Japan, South and Southeast Asia and North Africa. Data are deficient on their population, as their commercial landings and human disturbances are unknown, but they are known to be extremely common throughout their range. Over 300 specimens are found in museums.[4]
Local names
In Bengal, South Asia, they are known as koral fish (নানচিল কোরাল). In Indonesia, they were called ikan bulan (moon fish). In Vietnam it is called the cá cháo lớn, "large congee fish". In Odisha , India, the local name is Pani akhia .
References
Adams, A.; Guindon, K.; Horodysky, A.; MacDonald, T.; McBride, R.; Shenker, J.; Ward, R.; Sparks, J.S. (2016). "Megalops cyprinoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T166868A46642796. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166868A46642796.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
"Megalopidae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Megalopidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Adams, A., Guindon, K., Horodysky, A., MacDonald, T., McBride, R., Shenker, J. & Ward, R. 2012. Megalops cyprinoides. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. [www.iucnredlist.org]. Downloaded on 01 March 2014.
Kulkarni, C.V. (1983). "Longevity of fish Megalops cyprinoides". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 80: 230–232.
Coates, D. (1987). "Observations on the biology of the Tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) (Pisces:Megalopidae) in the Sepik River, Northern Papua New Guinea". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 38 (4): 529–535. doi:10.1071/MF9870529.
Leis, J.M.; Reader, S.E. (1991). "Distributional ecology of milkfish, Chanos chanos, larvae in the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea near Lizard Island, Australia". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 30: 395–405. doi:10.1007/BF02027983.
Ley, J.A. (2007). "Indo-Pacific Tarpon Megalops cyprinoides: A Review and Ecological Assessment". In Ault, Jerald S. (ed.). Biology and Management of the World Tarpon and Bonefish Fisheries. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3–36. doi:10.1201/9781420004250. ISBN 9780429124136.
Chen, H.L.; Tzeng, W.N. (April 2006). "Daily growth increment formation in otoliths of Pacific tarpon Megalops cyprinoides during metamorphosis". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 312: 255–263. doi:10.3354/meps312255.
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