Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Cottoidei
Infraordo: Zoarcales
Familia: Zoarcidae
Subfamilia: Lycodinae
Genus: Lycodes
Species (64): L. adolfi – L. akuugun – L. albolineatus – L. albonotatus – L. andriashevi – L. bathybius – L. beringi – L. brevipes – L. brunneofasciatus – L. caudimaculatus – L. concolor – L. cortezianus – L. diapterus – L. esmarkii – L. eudipleurostictus – L. fasciatus – L. frigidus – L. fulvus – L. gracilis – L. heinemanni – L. hubbsi – L. japonicus – L. jenseni – L. jugoricus – L. lavalaei – L. luetkenii – L. macrochir – L. macrolepis – L. marisalbi – L. matsubarai – L. mcallisteri – L. microlepidotus – L. microporus – L. mucosus – L. nakamurae – L. obscurus – L. ocellatus – L. paamiuti – L. pacificus – L. palearis – L. pallidus – L. paucilepidotus – L. pectoralis – L. polaris – L. raridens – L. reticulatus – L. rossi – L. sadoensis – L. sagittarius – L. schmidti – L. semenovi – L. seminudus – L. sigmatoides – L. soldatovi – L. squamiventer – L. tanakae – L. teraoi – L. terraenovae – L. toyamensis – L. turneri – L. uschakovi – L. vahlii – L. yamatoi – L. ygreknotatus
Name
Lycodes Reinhardt, 1831: 18
Gender: masculine
Type species: Lycodes vahlii Reinhardt, 1831
Fixation: monotypy
References
Reinhardt, J.C.H. 1831: [Bidrag til vor Kundskab om Grönlands Fiske.] Pp. 18-24 In: Örsted, H.C.: Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn), 1830-31: 1–40.
Links
ION
Nomenclator Zoologicus
Lycodes species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Lycodes and its species (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
ITIS
Vernacular names
English: Eelpouts
日本語: マユガジ属
Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae.[1][3] It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters.[4]
Taxonomy
Lycodes was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1831 by the Danish zoologist Johan Reinhard when he described Lycodes vahlii,[2] which he described from off Greenland.[1] The genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts.[5] Four species, L. albonotata, L. teraoi, L. toyamensis and L. toyamesnsis are classified within the genus Petroschmidtia by some authorities.[6]
Etymology
Lycodes means "having the form of a wolf", being a combination of lykos meaning "wolf" and oides meaning "similar to". Reinhardt though the teeth were similar to those of Anarhichas lupus and thought that the two taxa were closely related.[7]
Species
Saddled eelpout
Currently, 64 species are placed in this genus, divided into two subgenera:[3][7]
Subgenus Lycodes J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831
Lycodes adolfi J. G. Nielsen & Fosså, 1993 (Adolf's eelpout)
Lycodes akuugun D. E. Stevenson & J. W. Orr, 2006
Lycodes albolineatus Andriashev, 1955 (whitebar eelpout)
Lycodes albonotatus (Taranetz & Andriashev, 1934)
Lycodes bathybius P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Lycodes brevipes T. H. Bean, 1890 (shortfin eelpout)
Lycodes brunneofasciatus Suvorov, 1935 (tawnystripe eelpout)
Lycodes caudimaculatus Matsubara, 1936
Lycodes concolor T. N. Gill & Townsend, 1897 (ebony eelpout)
Lycodes cortezianus (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (bigfin eelpout)
Lycodes esmarkii Collett, 1875 (greater eelpout)
Lycodes eudipleurostictus A. S. Jensen, 1902 (doubleline eelpout)
Lycodes fasciatus (P. Y. Schmidt, 1904) (banded eelpout)
Lycodes frigidus Collett, 1879 (glacial eelpout)
Lycodes fulvus Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes gracilis M. Sars, 1867
Lycodes heinemanni Soldatov, 1916
Lycodes japonicus Matsubara & Iwai, 1951
Lycodes jenseni Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
Lycodes jugoricus Knipowitsch, 1906 (Shulupaoluk)
Lycodes lavalaei Vladykov & Tremblay, 1936 (Newfoundland eelpout)
Lycodes luetkenii Collett, 1880 (Lütken's eelpout)
Lycodes macrochir P. Y. Schmidt, 1937
Lycodes macrolepis Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
Lycodes marisalbi Knipowitsch, 1906 (white sea eelpout)
Lycodes matsubarai Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes mcallisteri Peter Rask Møller, 2001 (McAllister's eelpout)
Lycodes microlepidotus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Lycodes microporus Toyoshima, 1983
Lycodes mucosus J. Richardson, 1855 (saddled eelpout)
Lycodes obscurus Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes ocellatus Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes paamiuti Møller, 2001 (Paamiut eelpout)
Lycodes pacificus Collett, 1879 (blackbelly eelpout)
Lycodes palearis C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (wattled eelpout)
Lycodes pallidus Collett, 1879 (pale eelpout)
Lycodes paucilepidotus Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes polaris (E. Sabine, 1824) (Canadian eelpout)
Lycodes raridens Taranetz & Andriashev, 1937 (marbled eelpout)
Lycodes reticulatus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1835 (Arctic eelpout)
Lycodes rossi Malmgren, 1865 (threespot eelpout)
Lycodes sadoensis Toyoshima & Honma, 1980
Lycodes sagittarius D. E. McAllister, 1976 (archer eelpout)
Lycodes schmidti Gratzianov, 1907
Lycodes semenovi (Popov, 1931)
Lycodes seminudus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1837 (longear eelpout)
Lycodes sigmatoides Lindberg & Krasyukova, 1975
Lycodes soldatovi Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
Lycodes squamiventer A. S. Jensen, 1904 (scalebelly eelpout)
Lycodes tanakae D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914
Lycodes teraoi Katayama, 1943
Lycodes terraenovae Collett, 1896 (Newfoundland eelpout, Atlantic eelpout)
Lycodes toyamensis (Katayama, 1941)
Lycodes turneri T. H. Bean, 1879 (polar eelpout)
Lycodes uschakovi Popov, 1931
Lycodes vahlii J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831 (Vahl's eelpout)
Lycodes yamatoi Toyoshima, 1985
Lycodes ygreknotatus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
Subgenus Furcimanus Jordan & Evermann, 1898
Lycodes beringi Andriashev 1935
Lycodes diapterus Gilbert, 1892
Lycodes hubbsi Matsubara, 1955
Lycodes nakamurae (Tanaka, 1914)
Lycodes nishimurai Shinohara & Shirai, 2005
Lycodes pectoralis Toyoshima, 1985
Description
The genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: submental crests, the more or less pronounced cartilage extensions on the lower jaws. Within the genus, one clade has been identified, the "short-tailed" Lycodes that are associated with shallower depths (0–1200 m) than the long-tailed species (3–3000 m). Short tail might represent an adaptation to shallow, Arctic waters; the clade includes many Arctic endemics. In contrast, the long-tailed species do not form a monophyletic group. Coloration of all short-tailed Lycodes includes some sorts of stripes, marks, or reticulations, while the long-tailed species are uniformly brownish, striped, or spotted.[4]
Ecology
Lycodes are bottom-dwelling fish with a relatively stationary life style. The eggs are benthic, few in number (<2000) and large in size (as large as 10 mm (0.4 in)).[4]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lycodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lycodinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). Species of Lycodes in FishBase. June 2018 version.
Møller, Peter R. & Gravlund, Peter (2003). "Phylogeny of the eelpout genus Lycodes (Pisces, Zoarcidae) as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00362-7. PMID 12644398.
Anderson , M. E. and V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 34.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Petroschmidtia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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