Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio: Lampripterygii
Superordo: Lampridiomorpha
Ordo: Lampridiformes
Subordines: Lampridoidei – Stylephoroidei – Trachipteroidei – Veliferoidei
Familiae: †Turkmenidae - Veliferidae - Lamprididae - Lophotidae - Radiicephalidae - Trachipteridae - Regalecidae
Genera incertae sedis: †Bajaichthys – †Palaeocentrotus – †Veronavelifer – †Analectis
Name
Lampridiformes Goodrich, 1909
Synonyms
Lampriformes
Allotriognathi
Bathysomi
References
Goodrich, E.S. 1909. Vertebrata craniata. Cyclostomes and fishes. A Treatise on Zoology 9. London, 518 pp. Reference page.
Angulo, A. & López-Sánchez, M.I. 2017. New records of lampriform fishes (Teleostei: Lampriformes) from the Pacific coast of lower Central America, with comments on the diversity, taxonomy and distribution of the Lampriformes in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4236(3): 573–591. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.3.11. Reference page.
Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0–471-25031-7.
Links
Lampridiformes – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
日本語: アカマンボウ目
polski: strojnikokształtne
Lampriformes /ˈlæmprɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish. Members are collectively called lamprids (which is more properly used for the Lampridae) or lampriforms, and unite such open-ocean and partially deep-sea Teleostei as the crestfishes, oarfish, opahs, and ribbonfishes. A synonym for this order is Allotriognathi, while an often-seen, but apparently incorrect, spelling variant is Lampridiformes. They contain seven extant families which are generally small but highly distinct, and a mere 12 lampriform genera with some 20 species altogether are recognized.[1] They are the only extant members of the superorder Lamprimorpha, which was formerly diverse throughout much of the Late Cretaceous.[2][3]
The scientific name literally means "shaped (like the) bright (one)", as "lampr-", meaning bright, comes from lampris, the generic name for the opah. In contrast, most other living lampriforms are actually ribbon-like and not very similar to the disc-shaped opahs in habitus. They are, however, quite distinctly united by their anatomy, and the family's phylogeny, as well as the most ancient fossils of this order suggest the original lampriform was rather "opah-shaped". The scientific name is a combination of Lampris (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek lamprós (λαμπρός, "bright") + Latin forma ("external form"), the former in reference to brilliant coloration of opahs.[4]
Description and ecology
Lampris guttatus on Faroese stamp FO 546 by Astrid Andreasen
These oceanic fishes are pelagic feeders that stay well above the sea floor, and normally occur in waters 100–1000 m deep. They are typically brightly coloured as adults, often with brilliant crimson fins. Lampriforms have highly variable body forms, but they are generally laterally compressed. Some are rounded in lateral view, while others are very elongated. The former are termed bathysomes—"deep-bodies", from Ancient Greek bathýs (βᾶθύς) "deep" + sōma (σῶμα) "body"—and the latter taeniosomes—"ribbon-bodies", Greek tainía (ταινία) "ribbon". They vary greatly in size, too, ranging from less than 30 cm (12 in) in the sailfin moonfishes (Veliferidae) to Regalecus glesne, the longest of all living bony fishes, which may reach 17 m (56 ft) in length.[5]
The lampriforms have 84 to 96 total vertebrae; an orbitosphenoid bone is present in some members of this order. Their premaxilla completely excludes the maxilla from the gape, but the jaws are highly protrusible, nonetheless. The upper jaw's protrusion is achieved in a unique way: the maxilla, instead of being ligamentously attached to the ethmoid and palatine, slides in and out with the highly protractile premaxilla. The pelvic fins have up to 17 rays and are placed rather far toward the front of the animal, but they can be missing entirely. The dorsal fin is long, and tends to extend along most of the length of the body. Fin spines are absent in all. Some have a physoclistous gas bladder, while others have none. They either have tiny scales or naked skin.[6]
Systematics and evolution
The Lampriformes are anatomically similar to some Acanthopterygii at a first glance, but more detailed studies reveal they are not as advanced, and many authors assign them to a basal position inside the advanced spiny-rayed Teleostei clade called Acanthomorpha, as monotypic superorder Lampridiomorpha. Unlike their presumed relatives, they lack fin spines, however, and other authors have considered them to form a lineage just outside the Acanthomorpha, and the sister taxon of the Myctophiformes. Molecular data also support the view that the Lampriformes are close to the advanced Teleostei. But the data do not agree on their exact relationships, and the Myctophiformes are also inferred to be close to the Protacanthopterygii, one of the core groups of moderately advanced teleosts. As modern taxonomy tries to avoid a profusion of small taxa, and the delimitation of the Euteleostei (Protacanthopterygii sensu stricto and their allies) versus Acanthopterygii remains uncertain, the systematics and taxonomy of the Lampriformes among the teleosts are in need of further study.[7]
Reconstruction of Analectis pala, the youngest-known member of the extinct bathysome Turkmenidae, which dates from the Late Oligocene
The lampriforms diverged from other teleosts in the Cretaceous, perhaps 80 million years ago (Mya) or slightly more, considering that the oldest-known lampriforms, Nardovelifer, date from the late Campanian epoch and are already clearly assignable to the present order. The basal lampriforms were bathysomes, while the taeniosome body shape is apomorphic and seems to have evolved only once. The order underwent its main radiation in the Paleocene period; the opah-like Turkmenidae were a family of lampriforms thriving at that time, but going extinct around the start of the Neogene, about 23 Mya. Other fossil Lampridiformes are Bajaichthys, Palaeocentrotus, and Veronavelifer.[6]
Classification
Giant oarfish, Regalecus glesne (Regalecidae), caught in 1996 off Coronado, California
Scalloped ribbonfish, Zu cristatus (Trachipteridae)
The order is occasionally divided into the Bathysomi and the Taeniosomi. The former are a paraphyletic assemblage, thus effectively synonymous with the entire order, while the latter can be considered a valid suborder. Including fossil taxa, the classification of the Lampriformes in phylogenetic sequence, with the number of living genera and species, can thus be given as:[8]
Basal and incertae sedis
Genus Bathysoma (fossil)
Genus Nardovelifer (fossil)
Genus Palaeocentrotus (fossil)
Genus Whitephippus (fossil)[9]
Family Turkmenidae (fossil)
Family Veliferidae — sailfin moonfishes (two genera, six species)
Family Lampridae — opahs (one genus, two species)
Suborder Taeniosomi
Family Lophotidae — crestfishes (two genera, three species)
Family Radiicephalidae — tapertail (monotypic)
Family Trachipteridae — ribbonfishes (three genera, 10 species)
Family Regalecidae — oarfishes (two genera, four species)
Timeline of genera
Footnotes
Nelson (2006): pp.226,228
Delbarre, Daniel J.; Davesne, Donald; Friedman, Matt (2016-07-02). "Anatomy and relationships of † Aipichthys pretiosus and †' Aipichthys ' nuchalis (Acanthomorpha: Lampridomorpha), with a review of Late Cretaceous relatives of oarfishes and their allies". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (7): 545–567. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1078538. ISSN 1477-2019.
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Woodhouse (1910), Glare (1968-1982), FishBase (2006), Nelson (2006): pp.226-230
Woodhouse (1910), Olney (1998), Nelson (2006): p.226
Olney (1998), Nelson (2006): p.226
Nelson (2006): p.226, Diogo (2008)
Nelson (2006): pp.226-230
Davesne, Donald; Andrews, James V.; Beckett, Hermione T.; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt (2024-01-09). "Three-dimensional anatomy of the early Eocene Whitephippus (Teleostei, Lampriformes) documents parallel conquests of the pelagic environment by multiple teleost lineages". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2284998. ISSN 0272-4634.
References
Diogo, Rui (2008). "On the cephalic and pectoral girdle muscles of the deep sea fish Alepocephalus rostratus, with comments on the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Alepocephaloidei (Teleostei)". Anim. Biol. 58 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1163/157075608X303636.
FishBase (2000): Order Lampriformes. Version of 2000-OCT-17. Retrieved 2009-SEP-30.
Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982): Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-864224-5
Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7
Olney, John E. (1998): Lampriformes. In: Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Fishes: 167–169. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 0-12-547665-5
Woodhouse, S.C. (1910): English-Greek Dictionary - A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Searchable JPEG fulltext
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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