Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Tetraodontiformes
Familia: Ostraciidae
Subfamilia: Ostraciinae
Genus: Lactophrys
Species: L. bicaudalis – L. trigonus
Name
Lactophrys Swainson, 1839
Source: Swainson 1839: 194 BHL, 324 BHL
Gender: feminine
Type species: Ostracion trigonus Linnaeus, 1758
References
Swainson, W.; 1839: On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. Spottiswoode & Co., London. 2: 1–448. BHL
Lactophrys and its species (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Lactophrys in the World Register of Marine Species
Lactophrys is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Ostraciidae, the boxfishes. The boxfishes in this genus are found in the western Atlantic Ocean and are known as trunkfishes.
Taxonomy
Lactophrys was first proposed in 1839 as a subgenus of Tetrosomus by the British zoologist William John Swainson. In 1865 Pieter Bleeker designated Ostracion trigonus as the type species of this taxon.[1] O. trigonus has been first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758, the type locality was mistakenly given as India when it is actually the Western Atlantic.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this genus within the family Ostraciidae in the suborder Ostracioidea within the order Tetraodontiformes.[3]
Etymology
Lactophrys is a compound of lactaria, meaning a "milkcow", and ophrys, meaning "eyebrow", a reference to the spines above the eyes resembling the horns of a cow. Some fishes in this family are known as cowfishes.[4]
Species
Lactophrys contains 3 recognized species:[5][2][6]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Lactophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Spotted trunkfish | Eastern Caribbean |
 |
Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Buffalo trunkfish | Western Atlantic |
 |
Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) | Smooth trunkfish | the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and subtropical parts of the western Atlantic Ocean. |
Description
Lactophrys trunkfishes have thick oblong bodies, most of which is encased in a carapace made up of thickened and enlarged hexagonal plate-like scales that are joined to each other. There are gaps in this carapace for the mouth, eyes, gill slits, fins and tail, although the bases of the dorsal and anal fins are completely encircled by the carapace. To the rear of the dorsal fin the carapce may be closed but if it is open then there is in isolated oval plate-like svcale to the rear of the opening. This genus does not have spines at the eyes and sometimes has a spine at each corner of the lower rear carapace and there are no spine-like scales on the caudal peduncle. They have small mouths located at the front of the snout, with fleshy lips and a row of no more than 15 moderately sized conivcal teeth in each jaw. The gill slits are short and oblique and are to the front of the bases of the pectoral fins. The dorsa and anal fins are at the back of the carapace and the caudal peduncle is thin and flexible. The caudal fin is fan shaped.[7] The largest species in the genus is the buffalo trunkfish (L. trigonus) with a maximum published total length of 55 cm (22 in).[5]
Toxicity
Lactophrys trunkfishes, like other trunkfishes, secrete a colorless toxin from glands on its skin when touched. The toxin is only dangerous when ingested, so there is no immediate harm to divers. Predators however, as large as nurse sharks, can die as a result of eating a trunkfish.[8]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Ostraciidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lactophrys". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 518–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
Christopher Scharpf (21 August 2024). "Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE". Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Lactophrys". FishBase. June 2024 version.
Matsuura, K. (2014). "Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014". Ichthyological Research. 62 (1): 72–113. Bibcode:2015IchtR..62...72M. doi:10.1007/s10228-014-0444-5.
"Genus: Lactophrys, Trunkfish Boxfish, Trunkfishes". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 2759. ISBN 0-7614-7286-X.
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