Hemiscylliidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Infraclassis: Euselachii
Division/Cohort: Neoselachii
Subdivision/Subcohort: Selachimorpha
Superordo: Galeomorphii
Ordo: Orectolobiformes

Familia: Hemiscylliidae
Genera: †Adnetoscyllium – Chiloscyllium - Hemiscyllium
Name

Hemiscylliidae Gill, 1862

Type genus: Hemiscyllium Müller & Henle, 1838

References

Allen, G.R. & C.L. Dudgeon, 2010: Hemiscyllium michaeli, a new species of Bamboo Shark (Hemiscyllidae) from Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Ichthyology 16 (1): 19–30.
Gill, T. N. 1862. Analytical synopsis of the order of Squali; and revision of the nomenclature of the genera. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 7 (32): 367*-370*, 371-408. [Pp. 367-370 duplicated in preceding article. Read 16 Dec. 1861, probably published early 1862. Genera date to this article, also treated on pp.409-413. Both articles combined as separate, pp. 1-47p] From Catalog of FishesDOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1862.tb00166.x Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: longtail carpet sharks

The Hemiscylliidae are a family of sharks in the order Orectolobiformes, commonly known as longtail carpet sharks and sometimes as bamboo sharks. They are found in shallow waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific.

They are relatively small sharks, with the largest species reaching no more than 121 cm (48 in) in adult body length. They have elongated, cylindrical bodies, with short barbels and large spiracles. As their common name suggests, they have unusually long tails, which exceed the length of the rest of their bodies. They are sluggish fish, feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates and smaller fish.[1]
Genera and species

Genus	Species	Type species	Synonyms	Temporal range
Chiloscyllium J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837	7	Scyllium plagiosum Bennett, 1830	Synchismus Gill, 1862	Cenomanian–Recent[2]
Hemiscyllium J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837	9	Squalus ocellatus Bonnaterre, 1788		Thanetian–Recent[2]

Chiloscyllium

This genus is distinguished by a relatively long snout with subterminal nostrils. The eyes and supraorbital ridges are hardly elevated. The mouth is closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout, with lower labial folds usually connected across the chin by a flap of skin. The pectoral and pelvic fins are thin and not very muscular. No black hood on the head or large black spot on the side is present[3] (though juveniles often are strongly marked with dark spots/bars).

Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov, 1980 (Arabian carpetshark)
Chiloscyllium burmensis Dingerkus & DeFino, 1983 (Burmese bamboo shark)
Chiloscyllium griseum J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (grey bamboo shark)
Chiloscyllium hasselti Bleeker, 1852 (Hasselt's bamboo shark)
Chiloscyllium indicum (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (slender bamboo shark)
Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Anonymous, referred to Bennett, 1830) (white-spotted bamboo shark)
Chiloscyllium punctatum J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (brown-banded bamboo shark)

Hemiscyllium

This genus is confined to tropical waters of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, but an individual from this genus, possibly representing an undescribed species, has been photographed at the Seychelles.[4] They have short snouts with the nostrils placed almost at the tip, and well-elevated eyes and supraorbital ridges. The mouth is closer to the tip of the snout than the eyes, and lacks the connecting dermal fold across the chin. The pectoral and pelvic fins are thick and heavily muscular. Either a black hood on the head or a large black spot on the sides of the body is present.[3]

Nine recognized species are in this genus:[5][6]

Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Indonesian speckled carpetshark)
Hemiscyllium galei G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008[7] (Cenderwasih epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium hallstromi Whitley, 1967 (Papuan epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium halmahera G. R. Allen, Erdmann & Dudgeon, 2013[6] (Halmahera epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium henryi G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008[7] (Henry's epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium michaeli G. R. Allen & Dudgeon, 2010[8] (Milne Bay epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre, 1788) (epaulette shark)
Hemiscyllium strahani Whitley, 1967 (hooded carpetshark)
Hemiscyllium trispeculare J. Richardson, 1843 (speckled carpetshark)
Hemiscyllium sp. Not yet described (Seychelles carpetshark)

Fossil taxa
Hemiscylliidae fossil from late Cretaceous

†Acanthoscyllium sahelalmae (Pictet & Humbert, 1866)
†Adnetoscyllium angloparisensis (Guinot et al, 2013)
†Almascyllium cheikeliasi (Signeaux, 1949)
†Chiloscyllium broenirnani Casier, 1958
†Hemiscyllium bruxelliensis Herman, 1977
†Mesiteia daimeriesi (Herman, 1973)
†Pseudospinax heterodon Underwood & Mitchell, 1999

Captivity

Hemiscylliid sharks are sometimes kept in home aquaria.[9] Species from this family are ideal aquarium sharks because their natural habitats are tidepools, coral beds, and around boulders.[9] This predisposition towards relatively confined spaces helps them adapt better to home aquaria compared to other species.[9] Their generally small size for sharks, and their preference for water temperatures comparable to those enjoyed by other common aquarium fish, have also endeared them to marine aquarists.[9] Multiple species of hemiscylliids have been successfully induced to breed in captivity.[9]

Full-sized adult epaulette sharks are most successfully housed in tanks at or exceeding 680 litres (180 US gal), while adult bamboo sharks require more space and are known to do well in 910-litre (240 US gal) aquaria.[9] Hemiscyliids in captivity are provided artificial caves in which to hide. However, unstable tank decor has been known to cause fatal injuries when the structure is disturbed by the sharks' digging behavior.
Parthenogenesis

The British press on February 10, 2016 reported that a bamboo shark at Great Yarmouth’s Sea Life Centre was pregnant with two fertilized eggs. It is known that the shark has not come into contact with any other bamboo sharks since 2013. Although parthenogenesis is observed in a small number of species, this is such a rare occurrence in this species that it became a news story.[10]
References

Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Hemiscylliidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30.
Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
Debelius, H. (1993). Indian Ocean Tropical Fish Guide. Aquaprint Verlags GmbH. ISBN 3-927991-01-5
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Hemiscyllium in FishBase. April 2013 version.
Allen, G.R., Erdmann, M.V. & Dudgeon, C.L. (2013). "Hemiscyllium halmahera, a new species of Bamboo Shark (Hemiscylliidae) from Indonesia" (PDF). Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 19 (3): 123–136.
Allen, Gerald R. and Erdmann, Mark V. (2008). "Two new species of bamboo sharks (Orectolobiformes: Hemiscylliidae) from Western New Guinea" (PDF). Aqua (Miradolo Terme). 13 (3–4): 93–108.
Allen, Gerald R. and Dudgeon, Christine L. (2010). "Hemiscyllium michaeli, a new species of Bamboo Shark (Hemiscyllidae) from Papua New Guinea". Aqua International Journal of Ichthyology. 16 (1): 19–30.
Michael, Scott W. (March 2004). "Sharks at Home". Aquarium Fish Magazine. pp. 20–29.
Martin, Sean (2016-02-10) A miracle? Female bamboo shark set for VIRGIN BIRTH at British zoo. Express.co.uk. Retrieved on 2017-03-08.