Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Classis: Chondrichthyes
Subclassis: Elasmobranchii
Infraclassis: Euselachii
Division/Cohort: Neoselachii
Subdivision/Subcohort: Batoidea
Superordo: Batomorphii
Ordo: Myliobatiformes
Subordo: Myliobatoidei
Superfamilia: Dasyatoidea
Familia: Gymnuridae
Genus: Gymnura
Species: G. afuerae –G. altavela –G. australis –G. bimaculata –G. crebripunctata –G. crooki –G. hirundo –G. japonica – G. lessae – G. marmorata –G. micrura –G. natalensis –G. poecilura – G. sereti – G. zonura
Name
Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823
References
Primary references
Van Hasselt, J.C. 1823. Uittreksel uit enn' brief van den Heer J. C. van Hasselt, aan den Heer C. J. Temminck, geschreven uit Tjecande, Residentie Bantam, den 29sten December 1822. Algemeene Konst- en Letter-Bode voor het Jaar 1823 2: 130–133. [Translated 1960 by Alfred into Bulletin of the Singapore National Museum as Extract from a letter from Dr. J . C. van Hasselt to Mr. C. J. Temminck, written from Tjecande, Residency of Bantam, on 29th December,1822] Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Additional references
Jacobsen, I.P. & Bennett, M.B. 2009. A taxonomic review of the Australian butterfly ray Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) and other members of the family Gymnuridae (order Rajiformes) from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 2228: 1–28. Abstract & excerpt
Rezaie-Atagholipour, M., Jabado, R.W., Hesni, M.A., Owfi, F., Rastegar-Pouyani, E. & Ebert, D.A. 2023. Redescription of the Critically Endangered tentacled butterfly ray, Gymnura tentaculata (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1841) (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae) from Iranian waters Marine Biodiversity 53(1): 6. DOI: 10.1007/s12526-022-01303-2 Paywall Reference page.
Yokota, L. & Carvalho, M.R. de 2017. Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of the Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae). Zootaxa 4332(1): 1–74. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4332.1.1 Reference page.
The butterfly rays are the rays forming the genus Gymnura and the family Gymnuridae. They are found in warm oceans worldwide, and occasionally in estuaries.
The body of butterfly rays is flattened and surrounded by an extremely broad disc formed by the pectoral fins, which merge in front of the head. They have a very short, thread-like, tail.[1] They are up to 4 m (13 ft) in width.[2]
McEachran et al. (1996) place the butterfly rays in the subfamily Gymnurinae of the family Dasyatidae,[3] but this article follows FishBase and ITIS in treating them as a family.[4][5]
Species
There are currently 12 species in this genus (others are considered synonyms):[2][6][7]
Spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela)
Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) – Spiny butterfly ray
Gymnura australis (E. P. Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) – Australian butterfly ray
Gymnura crebripunctata (W. K. H. Peters, 1869) – Longsnout butterfly ray
Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) – Japanese butterfly ray
Gymnura lessae (Yokota & Carvalho, 2017) – butterfly ray
Gymnura marmorata (J. G. Cooper, 1864) – California butterfly ray
Gymnura micrura (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) – Smooth butterfly ray
Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1911) – Backwater butterfly ray
Gymnura poecilura (G. Shaw, 1804) – Longtail butterfly ray
Gymnura sereti (Yokota & Carvalho, 2017) – butterfly ray
Gymnura tentaculata (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) – Tentacled butterfly ray
Gymnura zonura (Bleeker, 1852) – Zonetail butterfly ray
References
Stevens, J. & Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Gymnura in FishBase. January 2017 version.
McEachran JD, Dunn KA, Miyake T (1996). "Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". In Stiassny ML, Parenti LR, Johnson GD (eds.). Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Gymnuridae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
"Gymnuridae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 March 2006.
Last P, White W, de Carvalho M, Séret B, Stehmann M, Naylor G, eds. (2016). "Supplementary information". The Rays of the World project - an explanation of nomenclatural decisions. CSIRO. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-643109131.
Yokota L, de Carvalho MR (2017). "Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae)". Zootaxa. 4332 (1): 1–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4332.1.1. PMID 29242452.
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