Gymnosarda unicolor

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Pelagiaria
Ordo: Scombriformes

Familia: Scombridae
Subfamilia: Scombrinae
Genus: Gymnosarda
Species: Gymnosarda unicolor
Name

Gymnosarda unicolor (Rüppell, 1836)
References

Gymnosarda unicolor on Fish Base

Vernacular names
English: Dogtooth tuna
日本語: イソマグロ属
ไทย: ปลาทูน่าเขี้ยวหมา, ปลาโอฟันหมา

The dogtooth tuna (Gymnosarda unicolor), also known as white tuna, is a species of pelagic marine fish which belongs to the family Scombridae.
Description

The dogtooth tuna can reach a length of 190 to 248 centimetres (75 to 98 in) in males[3][4] and a weight of 130 kilograms (287 lb).[5] The average length commonly observed is around 40 to 120 centimetres (16 to 47 in). They have 12 to 14 dorsal soft rays and 12 to 13 anal soft rays. The lateral line undulates strongly.[3] These large tunas have a streamlined shape and a distinctive body coloration: brilliant blue green on the back, silvery on the side, and whitish on the belly, with two white tips on the two back fins close to the caudal peduncle. They always swim with open jaws. The upper jaw of the large mouth reaches the eye.[3]
Distribution

The dogtooth tuna is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area from the eastern coast of Africa, Red Sea included, to French Polynesia and oceanic islands of the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii excluded), north to Japan, south to Australia.[1][6]
Gymnosarda unicolor at Maldives
Ecology

These offshore fishes can be found mainly in reef environments[3][5] with smaller fish being more commonly found near shallow reef areas and larger ones haunting deep reef drop off areas, seamounts and steep underwater walls. Usually they are solitary or occur in small schools,[3] to a depth of 10 to 300 metres (33 to 984 ft).[1]

The dogtooth tuna is one of the apex non-pelagic predators in its environment, sharing that position with giant trevally, Napoleon wrasse, and large groupers, as well as large sharks such as reef, bull and tiger sharks.[citation needed]

These aggressive opportunistic predators feed on small schooling fishes and squids,[3] and are capable of taking a wide variety of prey items. In most areas, the mainstay of its diet probably consists of pelagic schooling fish found near reef habitat (mainly, Caesio, Cirrhilabrus, Pterocaesio, carangids such as rainbow runners and Decapterus, mackerel scad, and scombrids).[3]

Preliminary estimates of longevity indicate a maximum observed age of at least 20 years. [7]
Fishing

These fishes are usually marketed canned and frozen. Adults may be ciguatoxic.[3] The dogtooth tuna is appreciated in most of its range as a fine food fish and also as a game fish sought by both rod and reel anglers and spearfishermen. Dogtooth tuna used to be mostly taken as an incidental catch by anglers trolling for other gamefish - with natural baits for black marlin, for instance, or with lures for wahoo and Spanish (narrowbarred) mackerel. In the last 10 to 15 years[when?] there has been more dedicated effort directed at this species because of its rarity and sporting qualities. Dogtooth tuna are now a highly coveted prize by many European and Asian sports anglers. Large specimens are seldom found where there is significant fishing pressure and can be one of the most difficult gamefish to capture.[citation needed]

Their habit of making high-speed downward runs when hooked, even on heavy tackle, often sees the line being cut as it contacts deep bottom structure. Sharks frequently mutilate both hooked and speared fish during the later stages of the fight, adding to the difficulty in landing them. The majority of dogtooth tuna captures have tended to be made by trolling with dead and live baits or with lures, particularly deep-swimming plugs.[8]

These techniques are still often used, with one niche specialty being the use of live bait such as rainbow runners to tease dogtooth tuna within range of light tackle and fly-casting anglers. High speed jigging with a variety of metal lures has increased tremendously in popularity in the last several years as advancements in tackle technology have resulted in lightweight rods and reels that are capable of handling heavy spectra-type braided lines. Some of the more popular destinations for anglers seeking this species include Okinawa and other islands of southern Japan, Rodrigues and other Indian Ocean islands such as the Maldives, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bali and elsewhere in Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia, the Great Barrier Reef and its outlying atolls, and many Western Pacific islands such as Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Palau.[citation needed]
References

Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). "Gymnosarda unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T170342A6756661. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170342A6756661.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
WoRMS
Fishbase
IGFA, 2001. Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p.
IUCN Map
"Welch et al (2021). Preliminary age-based life history characteristics of the dogtooth tuna, Gymnosarda unicolor (Ruppell, 1838), in the southwest Pacific Ocean".
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