Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Anotophysa
Ordo: Gonorynchiformes
Familiae: Chanidae - Gonorynchidae - Kneriidae - Phractolaemidae
References
Gonorynchiformes in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Sandfischartige
日本語: ネズミギス目
polski: Piaskolcokształtne
ไทย: ปลาชะลิน, ปลานวลจันทร์ทะเล
中文: 鼠鱚目
The Gonorynchiformes /ɡɒnəˈrɪŋkɪfɔːrmiːz/ are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food source, the milkfish (Chanos chanos, family Chanidae), and a number of lesser-known types, both marine and freshwater.
The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official.
Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder Ostariophysi. They are characterized by a primitive Weberian apparatus formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related cypriniform fish, such as carp.[1] Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.[2]
Taxonomy
Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. This listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes includes fossil fish with a short description.[1][3] They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are.
Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes[4]
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Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
Family †Sorbininardidae Taverne 1999
Genus †Sorbininardus Taverne 1999
Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909[5]
Suborder Gonorynchoidei - beaked sandfishes
Family †Apulichthyidae Taverne 1997
Genus †Apulichthys Taverne 1997
Family Gonorynchidae Fowler 1941
†Charitopsis Gayet 1993 non Trjapitzin 1969
†Gonorynchidarum Rana, 1988 otolith
†Hakeliosomus Gayet 1993
†Ramallichthys Gayet 1982
†Sapperichthys Amaral, Alvardo-Ortega & Brito, 2013
Subfamily †Charitosominae
†Charitosomus Hosius & Von Der Marck 1885 - Cretaceous
Subfamily †Judeichthyinae
†Judeichthys Gayet 1985
Subfamily Gonorynchinae
†Lecceichthys Taverne, 1998
†Notogoneus Cope 1885 - from North America, Europe, Australia; some freshwater; Late Cretaceous to Oligocene (=†Anormurus Blainville, 1818, †Protocatostomus Whitfield 1891)
Gonorynchus Gronow 1763 ex Scopoli 1777
Suborder Chanoidei Berg 1937
Family Chanidae Günther 1868 (milkfishes)
†Cabindachanos Taverne et al. 2019 - Paleocene[6]
?†Coelogaster Eastman, 1905 - Eocene[3]
Subfamily †Rubiesichthyinae Poyata-Ariza 1996
Genus †Gordichthys Poyata-Ariza 1994- Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Nanaichthys Amaral & Brito 2012
Genus †Rubiesichthys Wenz 1984 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Subfamily Chaninae
Genus †Aethalionopsis Gaudant 1967 - Early Cretaceous[7]
Genus †Caeus Costa 1860 - Early Cretaceous[8]
Genus Chanos Lacépède 1803
Genus †Dastilbe Jordan 1910 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Francischanos Ribeiro et al. 2022 - Early Cretaceous Chanid[9]
Genus †Parachanos Arambourg & Schneegans 1935 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Tharrhias Jordan & Branner 1908 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Vango Murray et al. 2023 - Late Cretaceous Chanid[10]
Suborder Knerioidei
Family Kneriidae Günther 1868
Genus †Mahengichthys Davis, Arratia & Kaiser 2013
Subfamily Kneriinae (Shellears)
Tribe Cromeriini
Genus Cromeria Boulenger 1901
Genus Grasseichthys Géry 1964
Tribe Kneriini
Genus Kneria Steindachner 1866
Genus Parakneria Poll 1965
Family Phractolaemidae
Genus Phractolaemus Boulenger 1901 (Hingemouths/snake mudheads)
Timeline of genera
References
Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
Banister, Keith F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
Taverne, Emmanuel Fara, Mireille Gayet, Louis (2010), "The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, doi:10.1201/b10194-6/fossil-record-gonorynchiformes-emmanuel-fara-mireille-gayet-louis-taverne, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-05-09
Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013
Mikko Haaramo. "Gonorynchiformes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Taverne, Louis; Putter, Thierry DE; Mees, Florias; Smith, Thierry (2019-01-01). "Cabindachanos dartevellei gen. and sp. nov., a new chanid fish (Ostariophysi, Gonorynchiformes) from the marine Paleocene of Cabinda (Central Africa)". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2018.011. ISSN 1374-8505.
Diogo, Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, Terry Grande, Rui (2010), "Gonorynchiform Interrelationships: Historic Overview, Analysis, and Revised Systematics of the Group", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, doi:10.1201/b10194-7/gonorynchiform-interrelationships-historic-overview-analysis-revised-systematics-group-francisco-jos%C3%A9-poyato-ariza-terry-grande-rui-diogo, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-02-06
Taverne, Louis; Capasso, Luigi (2017). "Osteology and relationships of Caeus ( " Chanos " ) leopoldi ( Teleostei , Gonorynchiformes , Chanidae ) from the marine Albian ( Early Cretaceous ) of Pietraroja ( Campania , southern Italy )" (PDF). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona. 41: 03–20.
Ribeiro, Alexandre C.; Bockmann, Flávio A.; Poyato-Ariza, Francisco J. (2022-07-01). "Francischanos, a replacement genus for Dastilbe moraesi Silva-Santos, 1955, from the Quiricó Formation, Lower Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Gonorynchiformes)". Cretaceous Research. 135: 105212. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105212. ISSN 0195-6671.
Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Friedman, Matt; Krause, David W. (2023-10-17). "A large, freshwater chanid fish (Ostariophysi: Gonorynchiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2255630. ISSN 0272-4634.
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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