Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Superordo: Cichlomorphae
Ordo: Cichliformes
Familia: Cichlidae
Subfamilia: Geophaginae
Genus: Geophagus
Species: G. abalios – G. acuticeps – G. altifrons – G. argyrostictus – G. brachybranchus – G. brasiliensis – G. brokopondo – G. camopiensis – G. crassilabris – G. crocatus – G. diamantinensis – G. dicrozoster – G. gottwaldi – G. grammepareius – G. harreri – G. iporangensis – G. itapicuruensis – G. jurupari – G. megasema – G. multiocellus – G. neambi – G. obscurus – G. parnaibae – G. pellegrini – G. proximus – G. rufomarginatus – G. santosi – G. steindachneri – G. surinamensis – G. sveni – G. taeniopareius – G. winemilleri
Name
Geophagus Heckel, 1840
Type species: Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840
References
Heckel, J.J. 1840. Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 2: 325–471, Pls. 29–30. BHL Zobodat. Reference page.
Hauser, F.E.; López-Fernández, H. 2013: Geophagus crocatus, a new species of geophagine cichlid from the Berbice River, Guyana, South America (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Zootaxa 3731(2): 279–286. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.2.8 Reference page.
Lucinda, P.H.F.; Lucena, C.A.S.; Assis, N.C. 2010: Two new species of cichlid fish genus Geophagus Heckel from the Rio Tocantins drainage (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Zootaxa, 2429: 29–42. Preview
Mattos, J.L.O. & Costa, W.J.E.M. 2018. Three new species of the "'‘Geophagus’'" brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 325–337. DOI: 10.3897/zse.94.22685 Reference page.
Links
Geophagus – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Geophagus is a genus of cichlids that mainly live in South America as far south as Argentina and Uruguay, but a single species, G. crassilabris is from Panama.[1][2] They are found in a wide range of freshwater habitats.[3] They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters and mostly feed by picking up mouthfuls of sediment to sift out food items such as invertebrates, plant material and detritus.[3] The largest species reach up to 28 cm (11 in) in standard length.[3] They are mostly kept in aquariums.[4]
As an invasive species
Geophagus Surinamensis was an invasive species in Malaysia, recently found in Putrajaya, the populations are now controlled by giant snakeheads.
Taxonomy
A species in the Geophagus surinamensis complex, a member of Geophagus sensu stricto
Geophagus brasiliensis
Geophagus steindachneri
Some cichlids previously included in this genus have been reallocated to Biotodoma, Gymnogeophagus or Satanoperca.[5] Even with these as separate genera, Geophagus is currently polyphyletic and in need of further taxonomic revision. There are three main groups:[3][6][7][8]
Geophagus sensu stricto are mostly relatively peaceful, often have long fin extensions and are native to the Amazon, Orinoco and Parnaíba basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas. This group can be divided into two subgroups: The first is the G. surinamensis complex, which includes most species (fish in the aquarium trade often are identified as G. surinamensis itself, but they are typically other members of this complex.) The second subgroup contains G. argyrostictus, G. gottwaldi, G. grammepareius, G. harreri and G. taeniopareius, which are somewhat less peaceful and can be separated from the G. surinamensis complex by their dark stripe below the eye (however, this feature is shared with the next group).
G. brasiliensis complex (including G. diamantinensis, G. iporangensis, G. itapicuruensis, G. multiocellus, G. obscurus, G. rufomarginatus and G. santosi) are more robust and aggressive species found in river basins of eastern and southeastern Brazil, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina.
G. steindachneri complex (including G. crassilabris and G. pellegrini and undescribed species entering the aquarium trade from Colombia) found west of the Andes in northern and western Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and Panama where adult males develop a distinct, bulbous red forehead.
Species
Geophagus pyrocephalus also known as Geophagus sp. "orange head" from the Tapajós River.The new species of Geophagus naming a cichlid species in 2022[4]
There are currently 32 recognized species in this genus.[1][9] Additionally, plus the species already described in 2022 that are known.The new species of Geophagus naming a cichlid species in 2022
Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840
Geophagus argyrostictus S. O. Kullander, 1991
Geophagus brachybranchus S. O. Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Pearl cichlid)
Geophagus brokopondo S. O. Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903 (Oyapock eartheater)
Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876 (Panamanian eartheater)
Geophagus crocatus Hauser & López-Fernández, 2013[10]
Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos, W. J. E. M. Costa & A. C. A. Santos, 2015[2]
Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
Geophagus gottwaldi I. Schindler & Staeck, 2006[11]
Geophagus grammepareius S. O. Kullander & Taphorn, 1992
Geophagus harreri J. P. Gosse, 1976 (Maroni eartheater)[12]
Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911
Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911
Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840
Geophagus mirabilis Deprá, S. O. Kullander, Pavanelli & da Graça, 2014[13]
Geophagus multiocellus Mattos & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2018[8]
Geophagus neambi P. H. L. Lucinda, C. A. S. de Lucena & Assis, 2010
Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855)
Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & I. Schindler, 2006[14]
Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912 (Yellowhump eartheater)
Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855)
Geophagus pyrocephalus
Geophagus rufomarginatus Mattos & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2018[8]
Geophagus santosi Mattos & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2018[8]
Geophagus steindachneri C. H. Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922 (Redhump eartheater)
Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) (Red-striped eartheater)
Geophagus sveni P. H. F. Lucinda, C. A. S. de Lucena & Assis, 2010
Geophagus taeniopareius S. O. Kullander & Royero-L., 1992
Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geophagus.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Geophagus". FishBase. October 2017 version.
Mattos, J.L.O., Costa, W.J.E.M. & Santos, A.C.A. (2015): Geophagus diamantinensis, a new species of the G. brasiliensis species group from Chapada Diamantina, north-eastern Brazil (Cichlidae: Geophagini). Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters, 26 (3): 209-220.
van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-691-17074-9.
"Geophagus sp. 'orange head'". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Kullander, S.O. (1986). Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru. Swedish Museum of Natural History. ISBN 91-86510-04-5.
López-Fernández, H..; D.C. Taphorn (2004). "Geophagus abalios, G. dicrozoster and G. winemilleri (Perciformes: Cichlidae), three new species from Venezuela". Zootaxa. 439: 1–27. doi:10.5281/zenodo.157563.
López-Fernández, H.; R.L. Honeycutt; M.L.J. Stiassny; K.O. Winemiller (2005). "Morphology, molecules, and character congruence in the phylogeny of South American geophagine cichlids (Perciformes, Labroidei)". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (6): 627–651. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00209.x.
Mattos, J.L.O.; W.J.E.M. Costa (2018). "Three new species of the 'Geophagus' brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 94 (2): 325–337. doi:10.3897/zse.94.22685.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Geophagus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
Hauser, F.E. & López-Fernández, H. (2013): Geophagus crocatus, a new species of geophagine cichlid from the Berbice River, Guyana, South America (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Zootaxa, 3731 (2): 279–286.
Schindler, I. & Staeck, W. (2006): Geophagus gottwaldi sp. n. - a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the drainage of the upper rio Orinoco in Venezuela. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden), 56: 91-97.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily CICHLINAE (d-w)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Deprá, G.C.; Kullander, S.O.; Pavanelli, C.S.; da Graça, W.J. (2014). "A new colorful species of Geophagus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), endemic to the rio Aripuanã in the Amazon basin of Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (4): 737–746. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-29.
Staeck, W. & Schindler, I. (2006): Geophagus parnaibae sp. n. - a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the rio Parnaiba basin, Brazil. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden), 55: 69-75.
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