Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Sciaenidae
Genus: Cheilotrema
Species: C. fasciatum – C. saturnum
Name
Cheilotrema Tschudi, 1846
References
Cheilotrema – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Cheilotrema species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. These fishes are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Cheilotrema was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1861 by the Swiss naturalist and explorer Johann Jakob von Tschudi.[1] Tschudi was describing a new species from Peru, Cheilotrema fasciatum, and created the new genus for it.[2] Cheilotrema belongs to the family Sciaenidae in the order Acanthuriformes.[3]
Etymology
Cheilotrema combines cheilos, meaning "lip", with trema, which means "pore", an allusion to the obvious pores on the upper lip of C. fasciatum.[4]
Species
Cheilotrema has two recognised species classified within it:[5]
Cheilotrema fasciatum Tschudi, 1864 (Arnillo drum, Burro)
Cheilotrema saturnum (Girard, 1858) (Black croaker)
Characteristics
Cheilotrema croakers have deep, oblong shaped bodies with a sloped head and pointed snout. The mouth is just below the snout and there are 5 pores on the chin but no barbels. The preoperculum may have either a serrated or smooth margin. The dorsal fin has a deep incision dividing it and there are 10 spines to the front of the incision and a single spine and between 24 and 28 soft rays to its rear. The short anal spine is supported by 2 spines, the second spine being robust and equal in length to the first soft rays, and between 6 and 9 soft rays. The pectoral fins are short and the caudal fin is truncate> the body is covered in ctenoid scales apart from around the eyes where there are cycloid scales. The inner third of the soft rayed part of the dorsal fin and the inner three quarters of the anal fin are scaled.[6] The largest species is the black croaker (C. saturnum) which has a maximum published total length of 45 cm (18 in) while that of the Arnillo drum (C. fasciatum) is 36.1 cm (14.2 in).[5]
Distribution and habitat
Cheilotrema croakers are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, the black croaker is found off western North America off California south to southern Baja California and in the northern Gulf of California.[7] The arnillo drum is found off the western coast of South America from northern Peru to Chile, and around the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador.[8] The black croaker is a demersal fish that is frequently observed in caves and crevices of exposed coasts and open bays in California down to depths of 100 m (330 ft). The allopatric population which inhabits the northern Gulf of California is found over sandy/muddy bottoms.[7] The arnillo drum is described as a sublittoral, demersal fish inhabiting cool waters.[8]
Conservation status
Cheilotrema croakers are classified by the IUCN, the black croaker is classified as Least Concern, although the population in the Gulf of California is threatened by being taken is bycatch in the shrimp trawl and gillnet fisheries there,[7] and there is no information about fisheries for the arnillo drum so it is classified as Data Deficient.[8]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Cheilotrema". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Cheilotrema". FishBase. February 2023 version.
"Genus: Cheilotrema, Croakers". Shorefishes of the Eastern Pacific online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
Chao, L.; Robertson, R.; Espinosa-Perez, H.; Findley, L. & van Heiden, A. (2020). "Cheilotrema saturnum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T183409A130860142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T183409A130860142.en. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
Chao, L. (2020). "Cheilotrema fasciatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T183913A140566341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T183913A140566341.en. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
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