Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Classis: Dipnoi
Ordo: Ceratodontiformes
Subordines: Ceratodontoidei - †Ctenodontoidei - †Dipnorhynchoidei - †Dipteroidei - Lepidosirenoidei - †Uronemoidei
Unclassed familiae: †Arganodontidae - †Asiatoceratodontidae - †Gnathorhizidae - †Ptychoceratodontidae - †Sagenodontidae - †Speonesydrionidae
Unclassed genera: †Ameghinoceratodus – †Chaoceratodus – †Esconichthys – †Gosfordia – †Ferganoceratodus – †Microceratodus – †Paraceratodus – †Permoceratodus – †Scanmenacia
Overview of familiae
Ceratodontidae ...
Name
Ceratodontiformes L. S. Berg, 1940
References
Apesteguía, S., Agnolin, F. L. & Claeson, K.; 2007: Review of Cretaceous dipnoans from Argentina (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) with descriptions of new species. Rev. Mus. Argentino Scienc. Nat., n. s. 9 (1): 27–40. PDF
Vernacular names
magyar: Tüdőshalalakúak
polski: rogozębokształtneu
Ceratodontiformes is the only extant order of lungfish, containing the families Neoceratodontidae, Lepidosirenidae, and Protopteridae as well as many other extinct groups. Members of this group are the only lungfish known to have survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event.[2][3] Although lungfish originated in marine environments, the Ceratodontiformes have been an exclusively freshwater group since the Carboniferous.[4] This order was formerly considered the suborder Ceratodontoidei.
All lungfish of the order can and often do estivate (except the spotted African lungfish, which can but rarely does so).[5] All members of the order are obligatory air-breathers; only the Australian lungfish has functioning gills when adult; members of the Lepidosirenidae have gills only when they are larvae.[5] The South American and African lungfish also all have generally small scales and two lungs as opposed to the Australian lungfish's single lung.[5]
Taxonomy
The suborder was formerly defined as being within the order Ceratodontiformes and including the families Neoceratodontidae and Ceratodontidae, as they were formerly thought to be closely related to one another.[citation needed] However, phylogenetic analyses indicate that this classification is paraphyletic, as Ceratodontidae was found to be a sister group to a clade containing Lepidosirenidae, which was formerly classified as Lepidosireniformes, a distinct order from Ceratodontiformes. Due to this, Lepidosireniformes and Ceratodontiformes were redefined as families within the order Ceratodontiformes, redefined as including all lungfish more closely allied with Neoceratodontidae and Lepidosirenidae.[3]
This order contains the following subtaxa:[2][3][4][6]
Order Ceratodontiformes
Genus †Ameghinoceratodus
Genus †Chaoceratodus
Genus †Ferganoceratodus
Genus †Gosfordia
Genus †Paraceratodus
Genus †Permoceratodus
Genus †Potamoceratodus
Family †Arganodontidae (sometimes synonymized with Asiatoceratodontidae or placed within Ceratodontidae)
Family †Asiatoceratodontidae
Family †Ceratodontidae
Family †Gnathorhizidae
Suborder Lepidosirenoidei
Family Protopteridae
Family ?†Lavocatodidae
Family Lepidosirenidae
Family Neoceratodontidae
Family †Ptychoceratodontidae
Some of these groups, such as Ceratodontidae, are thought to be paraphyletic due to being based entirely on morphology.[2] Other groups are often synonymized with one another or subsumed within others, due to the taxonomic confusion surrounding this group.[7]
Phylogenies
Kemp et al (2017) found the following taxonomy based on morphological evidence:
| Ceratodontoidei |
|
Based on this treatment, the oldest fossils of the Ceratodontiformes are of Gnathorhizidae from the Late Carboniferous, which are thought to be closely related to modern Lepidosirenidae and Protopteridae. This would indicate that the order itself originated slightly earlier in the late Carboniferous and rapidly diversified into the multiple families between then and the start of the Permian, leading to a very deep split between the Neoceratodontidae and the Lepidosirenidae + Protopteridae.[3][8]
Brownstein, Harrington & Near (2023) found a different taxonomy, based on both phylogenetic and morphological evidence. In this treatment, the former Lepidosirenformes is kept.[4]
| Ceratodontiformes |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This analysis found a more recent divergence, with the Neoceratodontidae and the "Lepidosireniformes" diverging during the Late Jurassic, in contrast to the Paleozoic divergences estimated by Kemp et al's morphological study. This divergence was found to be tied to the breakup of Gondwana during the same time.[4]
References
Nicholas R. Longrich (2017). "A Stem Lepidosireniform Lungfish (Sarcopterygia: Dipnoi) from the Upper Eocene of Libya, North Africa and implications for Cenozoic lungfish evolution". Gondwana Research. 42: 140–150. Bibcode:2017GondR..42..140L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.09.007.
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Kemp, Anne; Cavin, Lionel; Guinot, Guillaume (2017-04-01). "Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 471: 209–219. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.051. ISSN 0031-0182.
Brownstein, Chase Doran; Harrington, Richard C; Near, Thomas J. (2023-04-12). "The biogeography of extant lungfishes traces the breakup of Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography. doi:10.1111/jbi.14609. ISSN 0305-0270.
Kemp, Anne; Cavin, Lionel; Guinot, Guillaume (2017-04-01). "Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 471: 209–219. Bibcode:2017PPP...471..209K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.051. ISSN 0031-0182.
"PBDB Taxon". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
Kemp, A. (1998-04-10). "Skull structure in post-Paleozoic lungfish". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 43–63. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011033. ISSN 0272-4634.
"Fossilworks: Gnathorhizidae". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
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