Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Notothenioidei
Familia: Bovichtidae
Genus: Bovichtus
Bovichtus is a genus of fish in the family Bovichtidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Bovichtus was formally described as a genus in 1832 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes with Callionymus diacanthus, which had been described by the Scottish botanist and officer in the British Army Dugald Carmichael in 1819 with the type locality given as Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic,[2] as the type species.[1] The name of the genus, Bovichtus, is derived from bovus meaning "bull" and ichthys which means fish, based on the local name for Bovichtus species in Valparaiso, Chile, torito, meaning "little bull".[3]
Species
There are currently 8 recognized species in this genus:[4]
Bovichtus angustifrons Regan, 1913
Bovichtus argentinus MacDonagh, 1931
Bovichtus chilensis Regan, 1913
Bovichtus diacanthus (Carmichael, 1819)
Bovichtus oculus Hardy, 1989
Bovichtus psychrolutes Günther, 1860 (Scaled thornfish) [5]
Bovichtus variegatus (J. Richardson, 1846) (Thornfish)
Bovichtus veneris Sauvage, 1879
A genetic review of the South American species found that B. argentinus and the specimens claimed to be of "B. diacanthus" collected off South America were all the same species, the oldest name for which would be B. chilensis, this includes B. elongatus of the Antarctic as a synonym of B. chilensis.[6] This does not appear to have been widely accepted.[4][1]
Characteristics
Bovichtus fishes have a terminal, protractile mouth with teeth on the palatine. There is a robust backwards pointing spine on the operculum. They have a single lateral line and the anterior dorsal fin is spiny and starts above the operculum. The soft rays in the posterior dorsal fin and the anal fin are simple, the rear most anal fin rays are thickened and longer than the front rays. If they have any scales, they are restricted to an isolated patch to the rear of the base of the pectoral fins.[7] They are normally mottled in colour and their gill membranes direct the exiting water upwards, an adaptation for a sedentary benthic lifestyle. In the pectoral fins the lowest rays are unbranched with a thick cuticle, extend a little beyond the membrane and have upturned tips, the rearmost anal fin rays are also structured like this. This is apparently convergent with the unrelated blennies of the subfamily Blenniinae and may be an adaptation for clinging on to surfaces. Any scales present ate cteniod.[8]
Distribution and habitat
Bovichtus fishes are found in the temperate and Antarctic waters of the Southern Hemisphere. They occur along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of southern South American, off the Antarctic Peninsula, Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ile St Paul in the southern Indian Ocean, southern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, the Campbell Plateau and on seamounts to the east of New Zealand in the southern Pacific.[9] One species, B. oculus is found in deep waters on the Campbell Plateau while all of the remaining species have their adult form as benthic dwellers on rocky reefs in shallow waters or in tidal or inter-tidal pools.[8]
Biology
Bovichtus are mainly benthic species, waiting on the substrate to ambush prey and have been seen perched underneath or upside down on surfaces, presumably using their adapted pectoral and anal fins to grip with. Their diet is made up of invertebrates, mainly crustaceans and worms. At least one species has a pelagic larval phase which allows for dispersal and may account for the relatively wide distribution of the genus compared to the other two genera in the family Bovichtidae.[8]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bovichtidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Bovichtus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Bovichtus in FishBase. April 2006 version.
Balushkin, A.V. (2016): Systematics of the Antarctic Thornfishes of the Genus Bovichtus (Bovichtidae) of the Seamounts of the New Zealand Basin. Journal of Ichthyology, 56 (5): 631-638.
Ricardo, Bravo; Lloris, Domingo; Pequeño, Germán; Rucabado, J. (1999). "Review of different species of genus Bovichtus (Perciformes, Bovichtidae) cited for South America and Antarctic Peninsula". Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía. 34 (2): 123–137.
Graham S. Hardy (1988). "A revision of Bovichtus Cuvier, 1831 (Pisces: Bovichthyidae) from Australasia, with description of a new deepwater species from the New Zealand Subantarctic". Journal of Natural History. 22 (6): 1639–1655. doi:10.1080/00222938800771021.
Joseph T. Eastman (1993). Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment. Academic Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-12-228140-2.
Thomas J. Near; Ava Ghezelayagh; F. Patricio Ojeda; Alex Dornburg (2019). "Recent diversification in an ancient lineage of Notothenioid fishes (Bovichtus: Notothenioidei)". Polar Biology. 42 (5): 943–952. doi:10.1007/s00300-019-02489-1. S2CID 85455434.
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