Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Classis: Thaliacea
Ordo: Salpida
Familia: Salpidae
Genera: Brooksia – Cyclosalpa – Helicosalpa – Ihlea – Pegea – Ritteriella – Salp – Soestia – Tetys – Thalia – Traustedtia – Weelia
Name
Salpidae Lahille, 1888
References
Template:Lahille, 1888
Ahmad Ishak, N.H., Adam, N.A. & Kassim, Z. 2018. A taxonomic revision of the genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798; Weelia Yount, 1954; Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 (Salpida: Salpidae) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 4422(4): 451–477. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4422.4.1 Paywall Reference page.
Vernacular names
čeština: Salpovci
English: Salp
français: Salpe
italiano: Salpe
polski: Salpida
português: Salpa
A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (plural salpae or salpas[2]) is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate in the family Salpidae. It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body, one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom.[3] The salp strains the pumped water through its internal feeding filters, feeding on phytoplankton.
Distribution
Salps are common in equatorial, temperate, and cold seas, where they can be seen at the surface, singly or in long, stringy colonies. The most abundant concentrations of salps are in the Southern Ocean[4] (near Antarctica), where they sometimes form enormous swarms, often in deep water, and are sometimes even more abundant than krill.[5] Since 1910, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Salps have been seen in increasing numbers along the coast of Washington.[6]
Life cycle
Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas—they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between 1 and 10 cm (0.4 and 3.9 in) long. The solitary life history phase, also known as an oozooid, is a single, barrel-shaped animal that reproduces asexually by producing a chain of tens to hundreds of individuals, which are released from the parent at a small size.
The chain of salps is the 'aggregate' portion of the life cycle. The aggregate individuals are also known as blastozooids; they remain attached together while swimming and feeding, and each individual grows in size. Each blastozooid in the chain reproduces sexually (the blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites, first maturing as females, and are fertilized by male gametes produced by older chains), with a growing embryo oozooid attached to the body wall of the parent. The growing oozooids are eventually released from the parent blastozooids, and then continue to feed and grow as the solitary asexual phase, closing the life cycle of salps. The alternation of generations allows for a fast generation time, with both solitary individuals and aggregate chains living and feeding together in the sea. When phytoplankton is abundant, this rapid reproduction leads to fairly short-lived blooms of salps, which eventually filter out most of the phytoplankton. The bloom ends when enough food is no longer available to sustain the enormous population of salps. Occasionally, mushroom corals and those of the genus Heteropsammia are known to feed on salps during blooms.[7]
History
The incursion of a large number of salps (Salpa fusiformis) into the North Sea in 1920 led to a failure of the Scottish herring fishery.[8]
Oceanographic importance
A reason for the success of salps is how they respond to phytoplankton blooms. When food is plentiful, salps can quickly bud off clones, which graze on the phytoplankton and can grow at a rate which is probably faster than that of any other multicellular animal, quickly stripping the phytoplankton from the sea. But if the phytoplankton is too dense, the salps can clog and sink to the bottom. During these blooms, beaches can become slimy with mats of salp bodies, and other planktonic species can experience fluctuations in their numbers due to competition with the salps.
Sinking fecal pellets and bodies of salps carry carbon to the seafloor, and salps are abundant enough to have an effect on the ocean's biological pump. Consequently, large changes in their abundance or distribution may alter the ocean's carbon cycle, and potentially play a role in climate change.[citation needed]
Nervous systems and relationships to other animals
Salps are closely related to the pelagic tunicate groups Doliolida and Pyrosoma, as well as to other bottom-living (benthic) tunicates.
Although salps appear similar to jellyfish because of their simple body form and planktonic behavior, they are chordates: animals with dorsal nerve cords, related to vertebrates (animals with backbones).
Small fish swim inside salps as protection from predators.[9]
Classification
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following genera and species in the order Salpida:[10]
Order Salpida
Family Salpidae
Subfamily Cyclosalpinae
Genus Cyclosalpa de Blainville, 1827[11]
Cyclosalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)
Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905
Cyclosalpa foxtoni Van Soest, 1974
Cyclosalpa ihlei van Soest, 1974
Cyclosalpa pinnata (Forskål, 1775)
Cyclosalpa polae Sigl, 1912
Cyclosalpa quadriluminis Berner, 1955
Cyclosalpa sewelli Metcalf, 1927
Cyclosalpa strongylenteron Berner, 1955
Genus Helicosalpa Todaro, 1902[12]
Helicosalpa komaii (Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg, 1936)
Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)
Helicosalpa younti Kashkina, 1973
Subfamily Salpinae
Genus Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 [13]
Brooksia berneri van Soest, 1975
Brooksia rostrata (Traustedt, 1893)
Genus Ihlea Metcalf, 1919[14]
Ihlea magalhanica (Apstein, 1894)
Ihlea punctata (Forskål, 1775)
Ihlea racovitzai (van Beneden & Selys Longchamp, 1913)
Genus Metcalfina[15]
Metcalfina hexagona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Genus Pegea Savigny, 1816[16]
Pegea bicaudata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1826)
Pegea confederata (Forsskål, 1775)
Genus Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919[17]
Ritteriella amboinensis (Apstein, 1904)
Ritteriella picteti (Apstein, 1904)
Ritteriella retracta (Ritter, 1906)
Genus Salpa Forskål, 1775[18]
Salpa aspera Chamisso, 1819
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804
Salpa gerlachei Foxton, 1961
Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775
Salpa thompsoni (Foxton, 1961)
Salpa tuberculata Metcalf, 1918
Salpa younti van Soest, 1973
Genus Soestia (also accepted as Iasis)[19]
Soestia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)
Soestia zonaria (Pallas, 1774)
Genus Thalia[20]
Thalia cicar van Soest, 1973
Thalia democratica Forskål, 1775
Thalia longicauda Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Thalia orientalis Tokioka, 1937
Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, 1975
Thalia rhomboides Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Thalia sibogae Van Soest, 1973
Genus Thetys Tilesius, 1802[21]
Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802
Genus Traustedtia[22]
Traustedtia multitentaculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Genus Weelia Yount, 1954[23]
Weelia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)
References
"Salpidae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
"salp - Definitions from Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2008-09-28.; Peter Forsskål, in introducing the genus Salpa from waters off Yemen (1763, publication 1775), gave no derivation for his word; the English salp first appeared in 1835 (OED, "salp")
Bone, Q. (1983). "Jet propulsion in salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea)". Journal of Zoology. 201 (4): 481–506. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05071.x.
"Fisherman snags strange see-through, shrimp-like creature - Orlando Sentinel".
"Dive and Discover: Scientific Expedition 10: Antarctica". Retrieved 2008-09-03.
"Odd creatures wash ashore on Washington beach". NBC. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
Mehrotra, R; Scott, C.M.; Hoeksema, B.W. (2015). "A large gape facilitates predation on salps by Heteropsammia corals". Marine Biodiversity. 46 (2): 323–324. doi:10.1007/s12526-015-0379-8. S2CID 7397182.
Scottish Fisheries During the War in David T. Jones; Joseph F. Duncan; H.M. Conacher; W.R. Scott (1926). Rural Scotland During the War. Oxford University Press.
O’Neill, Michael Patrick (2021-10-07). "One Great Shot: An Invisible Shield for Fish". Hakai.
"Salpida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
Cyclosalpa de Blainville, 1827 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Helicosalpa Todaro, 1902 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Ihlea World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Metcalfina World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Pegea World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Ritteriella World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-9-17.
Salpa World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Soestia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Thalia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Thetys de Blainville, 1827 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Traustedtia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Weelia Yount, 1954 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
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