Phrynosoma cornutum

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis: Sarcopterygii
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata Episquamata Toxicofera
Subordo: Iguania
Infraordo: Pleurodonta

Familia: Phrynosomatidae
Subfamilia: Phrynosomatinae
Genus: Phrynosoma
Species: Phrynosoma cornutum
Name

Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825)

Syntypes: possibly ANSP 8642–3. [lost]

Type locality: “great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains”, restricted to “Fort Riley, Geary County, Kansas” by Smith & Taylor (1950).
Combinations

Agama cornuta Harlan, 1825: 299 [original combination]
Tapaya cornuta — Cuvier, 1829: 37 [subsequent combination]
Phrynosoma cornutum — Gray in Griffith, 1831: 9 [subsequent combination]

Synonyms

Phrynosoma bufonium Wiegmann, 1828: 367

Holotype: ZMB collected by Graf von Sack. [lost]

Type locality: “Surinam” (in error), restricted to “Los Nogales, Sonora, Mexico” by Smith & Taylor (1950).
References
Primary references

Harlan, R. 1825. Description of two new species of Agama. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4: 296–305. BHL
Wiegmann, A.F.A. 1828. Beyträge zur Amphibienkunde (in German). Isis von Oken 21(4): 364–383. BHL Reference page.

Links

Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2022. Phrynosoma cornutum. The Reptile Database. Accessed on 2 November 2018.
Hammerson, G.A. 2007. IUCN: Phrynosoma cornutum (Least Concern). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64072A12741535. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64072A12741535.en
Phrynosoma cornutum – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
English: Texas Horned Lizard
español: Lagarto cornudo
polski: Frynosoma rogata

The Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) is one of about 14 North American species of spikey-bodied reptiles called horned lizards, all belonging the genus Phrynosoma. P. cornutum ranges from Colorado and Kansas to northern Mexico (in the Sonoran desert), and from southeastern Arizona to Texas.[2] Also, isolated introduced populations are found in the Carolinas,[3] Georgia, and Florida.[4][5] Most records of the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) from the Piney Woods region of east Texas, Louisiana,[6] and Arkansas[7] are from the early and mid-twentieth century, a time when horned lizard were popular pets, and are thought to represent released or escaped pets and not the species natural range.[8] Though some populations are stable, severe population declines have occurred in many areas of Texas and Oklahoma.[2][1][9] The Texas spiny lizard (Sceloporus olivaceus) may be confused for a Texas horned lizard due to its appearance and overlapping habitat.[10]

Etymology
Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) in Beeville, Texas, Bee County, Texas, USA (9 April 2011)

The horned lizard is popularly called a "horned toad", or "horned frog", but it is neither a toad nor a frog. The popular names come from the lizard's rounded body and blunt snout, which give it a decidedly batrachian appearance.[11] Phrynosoma literally means "toad-bodied" and cornutum means "horned".[12][13] The lizard's horns are extensions of its cranium and contain true bone.
Description

The Texas horned lizard is the largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the roughly 14 species of horned lizards in the western United States and Mexico. The average Texas horned lizard is 69 mm (2.7 in) in snout-vent length,[14] but the upper boundary for males is 94 mm (3.7 in) and for females it is 114 mm (4.5 in).[15]
Behavior
Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), Armstrong County, Texas, USA (28 April 2013)

Despite the fierce appearance, Texas horned lizards are extremely docile creatures. The Texas horned lizard is a sunbather, and requires bright sunlight to produce vitamin D. Deprived of sunlight, the animal is unable to produce vitamin D and can suffer from vitamin deficiency. So, horned lizards are most often found along the side of roads or other open, rocky areas, where they can lounge and take in sunlight. At night, the lizard buries itself in sand.[16] Although they prefer to move very little, horned lizards can move quite fast if they feel a predator is in the area, and dart into thick grass and foliage to escape. Horned lizards are also excellent diggers, and can quickly burrow underground to escape threats. Horned lizards are often found near harvester ant hills which are a major part of their diet.

Although its coloration generally serves as camouflage against predation, when threatened by a predator, a horned lizard puffs up and appears very fat, which causes its body scales to protrude, making it difficult to swallow. The Texas horned lizard, along with at least three other species of the genus Phrynosoma, also has the ability to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes and sometimes from its mouth at a distance up to 5 ft (1.5 m). They do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head, thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the eyelids. This not only confuses would-be predators, but also the blood is mixed with a chemical that is foul-tasting to canine predators such as wolves, coyotes, and domestic dogs. This novel behavior is generally observed to be very effective in defense; however, it appears to have no effect against predatory birds.[17][18][19][20][21]
Diet and decline
A juvenile Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) held in the hand.

About 70% of the Texas horned lizard's diet is made up of harvester ants, though they supplement these with termites, beetles, and grasshoppers. In recent years, the species has declined by about 30% of its range, though it may be making a comeback.[citation needed] The decline is usually blamed on overuse of pesticides and the spread of nonnative, highly aggressive and fiercely territorial red imported fire ants. Both eradicate harvester ant colonies, destroying the lizard's principal source of food. The Texas horned lizard is now a protected species, and, in Texas, it is illegal to take, possess, transport or sell them without a special permit.

A University of Texas publication notes that horned lizard populations continue to disappear throughout the southwest despite protective legislation. The Texas horned lizard has disappeared from almost half of its geographic range. Population declines are attributed to loss of habitat, human eradication of the ant populations upon which the lizards prey, displacement of native ant populations by invading fire ants (aided by synergistic effects of native ant eradication), and predation by domestic dogs and cats.[22]

In 2014, the Center for Biological Diversity in Tucson, Arizona petitioned the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation to have the Texas horned lizard put on the endangered species list due to the massive declines of its population in Oklahoma, where it was once plentiful. The Center said it may later seek protection for the animal on a Federal level; it also said that reptiles in general are dying off at up to 10,000 times their historic extinction rate, greatly due to human influences.[23]

In Texas, the creature has been declared threatened and a breeding and reintroduction program has been started by the Fort Worth Zoo. Hatchlings are bred and released in targeted areas in the hope that with a large number of animals, enough will survive to grow the population in the wild. Typically in such reptile reintroduction programs, fewer than one percent of a female's offspring will survive in the wild to adulthood.[9]
Current research
Texas horned lizard (Phyrnosoma cornutum), close up of the head

Horned lizards are studied by researchers at Texas Christian University, the nearby Fort Worth Zoo, and Dallas Zoo[24] with raw data and fieldwork done by state employees. Since 2010, the Dallas Zoo has been conducting a mark-and-recapture study on Texas horned lizards[25] on the Rolling Plains Quail Research Ranch, a 4,700-acre preserve located in Fisher County, Texas. Dallas Zoo researchers capture animals, tag them, collect data, and release them.[26] The project's goals are aimed at shedding light on the life history, population density, and determining ecological conditions best suited for this threatened species. Further research toward their preservation is funded by sale of horned lizard "Keep Texas Wild" license plates.[27]

In addition, the Dallas Zoo and Houston Zoo are working to establish a captive colony[28] of animals with several key reproductive successes taking place in 2015.
Genetic mutation

Research aimed at preservation has revealed the Texas horned lizard is extremely genetically diverse, and isolated pockets of genetically distinct subspecies have been found throughout Texas. Though each of these subspecies is physically identical to all other subspecies, they are likely specifically adapted for the region in which they are found. This makes it difficult to know how one subspecies would survive if it were reintroduced into a new area.

The most numerous and widespread subspecies of Texas horned lizard is found in the Panhandle region of Texas. Other distinct subspecies have been identified in East Texas, the Hill Country, and along the coastline. It is not known whether these subspecies can reproduce with one another over the long term, making preservation of all of the subspecies even more crucial to the animals' preservation. It is also unknown whether any of these subspecies will show a particular resistance to the pesticides and fire ants threatening them.
In Native American religion and art

Some Native American people regard horned lizards as sacred. The animal is a common motif in Native American art in the Southwestern United States and Mexico.[12]
In popular culture
Texas Horned Lizard (Phyrnosoma cornutum) (4007600896)

The Texas horned lizard is the state reptile of Texas[29] and, as the "horned frog," is the mascot of Texas Christian University[30] and can be seen in the university's seal.
References

Notes

Hammerson, G.A. (2007). Phrynosoma cornutum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64072A12741535.en. Note that this species is in sharp decline over a large part of its historical range and is listed as a threatened species by the State of Texas.
"Phrynosoma cornutum". Phrynosoma.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
Heuring, Courtney; Barber, Diane; Rains, Nathan; Erxleben, Devin; Martin, Cameron; Williams, Dean; McElroy, Eric J. (7 August 2019). "Genetics, morphology and diet of introduced populations of the ant-eating Texas Horned Lizard ( Phrynosoma cornutum )". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 11470. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47856-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6685972. PMID 31391496.
Owens, Audrey K.; Krysko, Kenneth L. (2007). "Distribution of the introduced Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan 1825) (Sauria: Phrynosomatidae), in Florida". Florida Scientist. 70 (1): 62–70. JSTOR 24321568.
"Texas Horned Lizard". Lizards of Georgia and South Carolina. University of Georgia. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
"Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana". Brad Glorioso. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
"Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)". Herps of Arkansas. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
Axtell, Ralph W. (1996) Interpretive Atlas of Texas Lizards: No. 16. Phrynosoma cornutum. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 52 pp.
Cuthbert, Lori (10 October 2018). "Texas Horned Lizard, Once Common, Now Must Be Captive Bred". National Geographic. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
"exas spiny lizard not as famous as the Texas horned lizard or horny toad, but is a master of disguise with real spunk". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
Manaster, Jane (2002). Horned Lizards. Texas Tech University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89672-495-2.
Manaster, p. 2
Sherbrooke, Wade C. (2003). Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America. University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-520-92675-2.
Munger, James C. (1986). "Rate of Death Due to Predation for two Species of Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum and Phrynosoma modestum". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1986 (3): 820–824. doi:10.2307/1444970. JSTOR 1444970.
Munger, James C. (1984). "Home ranges of horned lizards (Phrynosoma): circumscribed and exclusive?". Oecologia. 62 (3): 351–360. doi:10.1007/BF00384267. JSTOR 4217328. PMID 28310888. S2CID 26893076.
Breen, John F. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. T.F.H.
Middendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. (2001). "Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum". The Southwestern Naturalist. 46 (3): 384–387. doi:10.2307/3672440. JSTOR 3672440.
Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2001). "Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma)" (PDF). Copeia. 2001 (4): 1114–1122. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1114:BSVIHL]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1448403.
Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2004). "Responses of Kit Foxes (Vulpes macrotis) to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum)". Copeia. 2004 (3): 652–658. doi:10.1643/CH-03-157R1. JSTOR 1448486. S2CID 55365586.
Hodges, W.L. (2004). "Defensive blood squirting in Phrynosoma ditmarsi and a high rate of human-induced blood squirting in Phrynosoma asio". The Southwestern Naturalist. 49 (2): 267–270. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0267:DBSIPD>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3672697.
Sherbrooke, W. C. (2000). "Sceloporus jarrovii (Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding". Herpetological Review. 31: 243.
Pianka, Eric; Hodges, Wendy. "Horned Lizards, Part 2". uts.cc.utexas.edu. University of Texas. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Godfrey, Ed (20 December 2014). "Center for Biological Diversity wants Texas horned lizard declared an endangered species in Oklahoma". The Daily Oklahoman. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
"Texas horned lizards". Wix.com. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
"Dallas Zoo Texas Horned Lizard Conservation | www.dallaszoo.com". www.dallaszoo.com. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Campitelli, Anna. "Operation Horned Lizard: Saving a Texas Icon | Dallas ZooHoo!". Retrieved 16 December 2015.
TxDMV-Special Plate Order Application. Rts.texasonline.state.tx.us. Retrieved on 2016-10-25.
"Dallas Zoo Welcomes Iconic Texas Hatchlings". ZooBorns. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
"Texas State Symbols". Texas States Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved 27 June 2009.

Gibson Roach, Joyce (March 2001). "Horned Frog defined". TCU Magazine. Texas Christian University.

Sources

Texas Horned Lizard Conservation Society