Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Zatheria
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yangochiroptera
Superfamilia: Vespertilionoidea
Familia: Vespertilionidae
Subfamilia: Vespertilioninae
Tribus: Plecotini
Genus: Corynorhinus
Species: Corynorhinus rafinesquii
Subspecies: C. r. macrotis – C. r. rafinesquii
Name
Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lesson, 1827
Type locality: USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.
Synonyms
Plecotus rafinesquii
References
Lesson, 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie: 96.
Conservation status: IUCN: Corynorhinus rafinesquii (Vulnerable) (as Plecotus rafinesquii)
Corynorhinus rafinesquii in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Links
North American Mammals: Corynorhinus rafinesquii [1]
Distribution
USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to Texas and Florida
Vernacular names
English: Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat.
Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), sometimes known as the southeastern big-eared bat, is a species of vesper bat native to the southeastern United States.
Description
A hibernating Rafinesque's big-eared bat in a North Carolina cave
As its name implies, this species has ears over an inch long. The genus name Corynorhinus means "club-nosed".[2] Similar to Townsend's big-eared bat, this species has two lumps on either side of its nose. Rafinesque's big-eared bat is a medium-sized bat with a length around 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a wingspan of 25–30 cm (10–12 in). These bats range in weight from 6–13 g (0.21–0.46 oz).[3] The bat is gray on the dorsal side and white on the underside. The ears and face are a pinkish-brown color, while the forearm and wing membrane are dark brown.
Some sources report its maximum lifespan as 10 years,[4] although robust data are lacking. More research has been done on the closely related Townsend's big-eared bat, and estimates for this species' lifespan range from 16 to 30 years in the wild.[5]
While uncommon throughout its range, this species is found in a variety of habitats from coastal plains and riparian areas to mountainous areas such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. In all cases, these bats are associated with large areas of relatively mature forest.[1]
Diet
Rafinesque's big-eared bats, like all bats in the southeastern United States, are insectivorous, nocturnal, and locate food primarily by echolocation. They consume a wide range of insects, including mosquitoes, beetles, and flies, although moths make up 90% of the diet. Insects can be caught by gleaning (e.g., from foliage or cave walls) or on the wing (i.e., aerial hawking).[6]
Roosting
Due to seasonality, geographical location, and frequent roost-switching, C. rafinesquii can be found in a variety of locations. Tree roosts may be in living or dead trees but are usually quite large (one study reported average diameter at breast height of tree roosts to be 79 cm with a height of 18.5m).[7] Rafinesque's big-eared bats can also be found in abandoned buildings, under bridges, in wells, and in caves.[8]
Conservation status
While listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (previously listed as vulnerable), Rafinesque's big-eared bats are listed as a candidate II species of concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Additionally, it is listed as threatened by state agencies throughout most of its range.[9]
White-nose syndrome is a serious disease caused by a fungal pathogen that has devastated several species of bats in the eastern United States. Unlike some other species of bats with which it shares its range, Rafinesque's big-eared bat does not appear to be affected by the disease. Hypothesized reasons include use of hibernacula that may not provide optimal growing conditions for the causal agent (the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans), relatively frequent arousals from torpor, and/or the usage of shallow bouts of torpor by this species.[9]
See also
Bats of the United States
Bats
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the 19th century naturalist after whom the species is named
References
Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2017). "Corynorhinus rafinesquii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17600A21976905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17600A21976905.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Schwartz, Charles Walsh; Schwartz, Elizabeth Reeder (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri (2nd ed.). p. 97.
Animal Diversity Web, Reyes, E. (2002) Corynorhinus rafinesquii
Mammalian Species, Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Jones, C. (1977). No. 69, pp. 1-4 Plecotus rafinesquii
Channel Islands National Park - Townsend's Big-eared Bats, U.S. National Park Service.
[1], Lacki, M.J. and K.M. Ladeur. (2001). Seasonal use of lepidopteran prey by Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii). The American Midland Naturalist 145(1):213-217.
[2], Trousdale, A.W. and D.C. Beckett. (2005). Characteristics of tree roosts of Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) in southeastern Mississippi. The American Midland Naturalist 154(2):442-449.
[3], Lance, R.F. et al. (2001). Day-roost selection by Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) in Louisiana forests. Journal of Mammalogy 82(1):166-172.
[4] Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Bat Conservation International and Southeastern Bat Diversity Network. (2013). A conservation strategy for Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) and southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparus). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX. (specific citations from page 41-43 and page 93)
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