Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Zatheria
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Grandordo: Ferungulata
Mirordo: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Cladus: Ruminantiamorpha
Subordo: Ruminantia
Infraordo: Pecora
Superfamilia: Cervoidea
Familia: Cervidae
Subfamilia: Cervinae
Genera (11 + 6†): Axis - Cervus - Dama – Elaphodus – Elaphurus – Hyelaphus – Muntiacus – Panolia – Przewalskium – Rucervus – Rusa – †Arvernoceros – †Candiacervus – †Cervavitus – †Eucladoceros – †Euprox – †Haploidoceros – †Megaceroides – †Megaloceros – †Metacervocerus – †Neomegaloceros – †Orchonoceros – †Praedama – †Praeelaphus – †Praemegaceros – †Praesinomegaceros – †Sinomegaceros
Name
Cervinae Goldfuss, 1820: II. xx ["Cervina"]
References
Primary references
Goldfuss, G.A. 1820. Handbuch der Zoologie. Nürnberg: J. L. Schrag. Vols. I, II. Reference page.
Additional references
Croitor, R. 2018. Plio-Pleistocene Deer of Western Palearctic: Taxonomy, Systematics, Phylogeny. Chișinău: Academy of Sciences of Moldova. 140pp. ISBN 978-9975-66-609-1. ResearchGate Reference page.
Vislobokova, I.A. 2013. Morphology, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of Megacerines (Megacerini, Cervidae, Artiodactyla). Paleontological Journal 43(8): 833–950. DOI: 10.1134/S0031030113080017 ResearchGate Reference page.
Links
Cervinae in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Vernacular names
Ελληνικά: Ελαφώδη
Esperanto: Cervenoj
suomi: Jalohirvet
magyar: Szarvasformák
português: Cervíneos
ไทย: กวาง, เก้ง, ฟาน, เนื้อ
The Cervinae or the Old World deer, are a subfamily of deer. Alternatively, they are known as the plesiometacarpal deer, due to having lost the parts of the second and fifth metacarpal bones closest to the foot (though retaining the parts away from the foot), distinct from the telemetacarpal deer of the Capreolinae (which have instead retained these parts of those metacarpals, while losing the parts away from the foot instead).[1]
Classification and species
The following species are recognised in extant genera:[2][3][4][5][6]
Tribe Muntiacini
Genus Elaphodus
Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)
Genus Muntiacus
Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)
Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)
Fea's muntjac (M. feae)
Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)
Indian muntjac (M. muntjak)
Sumatran muntjac (M. montanum)
Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)
Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)
Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)
Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)
Truong Son muntjac or Annamite muntjac (M. truongsonensis)
Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)
Tribe Cervini ("true" deer)
Genus Dama
Common fallow deer (D. dama)
Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)
Genus Axis
Chital (A. axis)
Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)
Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)
Indian hog deer (A. porcinus)
Genus Rucervus
Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)
Eld's deer (R. eldii)
†Schomburgk's deer (R. schomburgki)
Genus Elaphurus
Père David's deer (E. davidianus)
Genus Rusa
Visayan spotted deer or Prince Alfred's deer (R. alfredi)
Philippine deer or Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)
Javan rusa deer (R. timorensis)
Sambar (R. unicolor)
Genus Cervus
Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)
Elk or American wapiti (C. canadensis)
Red deer (C. elaphus)
Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)
Sika deer (C. nippon)
The taxonomy of Cervini is poorly resolved due to conflict between nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies:
Mitchondrial DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[7][8]
| Cervidae |
|
Nuclear DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[7][8]
| Cervidae |
|
Extinct genera
†Amphiprox
†Cervavitus? (Eurasia, Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene)
†Croizetoceros?
†Dicrocerus
†Euprox
†Praesinomegaceros
†Heteroprox
†Metacervocerus
†Praeelaphus
†Megaloceros (Eurasia, Early/Middle Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5700 BC)
†Praemegaceros (Europe, Early Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5500 BC)
†Pseudodama (Eurasia, Early Pleistocene)
†Sinomegaceros (Central and East Asia, Early-Late Pleistocene)
†Megaceroides (North Africa, Late Pleistocene-Holocene, ~ 4000 BC)
†Eucladoceros (Eurasia, Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)
†Candiacervus (Crete, Late Pleistocene)
†Haploidoceros (Europe, Middle-Late Pleistocene)
Evolution
Cervinae is suggested to have split from Capreolinae at least 13.8 million years ago based on the first appearance of Euprox, suggested to be a stem-group cervine in Europe at this time.[9] Modern Cervinae first appeared during the Late Miocene in Eastern Asia, arriving in the Indian subcontinent and Europe during the Early Pilocene.[1] The ancestor of Cervinae probably had a bifurcated antlers similar to muntjacs, with the complex antlers of Cervini evolving independently from those of Capreolinae.[10] Cervinae radiated during the Early Pleistocene, becoming the dominant group of deer across Eurasia.[1]
References
Croitor, Roman (December 2022). "Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer". Earth. 3 (4): 1138–1160. Bibcode:2022Earth...3.1138C. doi:10.3390/earth3040066. ISSN 2673-4834.
Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2001AnCon...4....1R. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019. S2CID 86572236.
Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. Bibcode:2004MolPE..33..880P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.
Alvarez D. (2007)[full citation needed]
Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. Bibcode:2008MolPE..49...17D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009. PMID 18675919.
"A new perspective on Ungulate Taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Heckeberg, Nicola S.; Zachos, Frank E.; Kierdorf, Uwe (January 2023). "Antler tine homologies and cervid systematics: A review of past and present controversies with special emphasis on Elaphurus davidianus". The Anatomical Record. 306 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1002/ar.24956. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 35578743.
Heckeberg, Nicola S. (2020-02-18). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (2017-10-13). "Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 13176. Bibcode:2017NatSR...713176M. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5640792. PMID 29030580.
Samejima, Yuusuke; Matsuoka, Hiroshige (2020-06-02). "A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8910. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8910S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7265483. PMID 32488122.
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