Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Zatheria
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Grandordo: Ferungulata
Mirordo: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Cladus: Ruminantiamorpha
Subordo: Ruminantia
Infraordo: Pecora
Superfamilia: Bovoidea
Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Caprinae
Genera: Ammotragus - Arabitragus - Budorcas - Capra - Capricornis - †Euceratherium[1] - Hemitragus - †Myotragus - Naemorhedus - Nilgiritragus - Oreamnos - Ovibos - Ovis - Pantholops - Pseudois - Rupicapra - †Sporadotragus
Name
Caprinae J. E. Gray, 1821
References
Caprinae in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
ak: Aponkye
العربية: وعليات
Ελληνικά: Καπρώδη
English: Goat-antelopes
suomi: Vuohieläimet
hrvatski: Kozolike antilope
magyar: Kecskeformák
日本語: ヤギ亜科
македонски: Козолики
português: Capríneos
ไทย: แพะและแกะ
The subfamily Caprinae,[1] also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini,[2] is part of the ruminant family Bovidae,[3] and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine.[4]
Prominent members include sheep and goats, with some other members referred to as goat antelopes. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid.
Characteristics
Skeleton of a Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) on display at the Museum of Osteology
Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries).
Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:
Five are classified as endangered,
Eight as vulnerable,
Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and
Seven species are secure.
Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over 1 m (3 ft) long for a full-grown grey goral (Nemorhaedus goral), to almost 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long for a musk ox, and from under 30 kg (66 lb) to more than 350 kg (770 lb). Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg (1,430 lb).[citation needed]
The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.
The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.
Evolution
Palaeoreas lindermayeri fossil
The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form.[5] The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region.
The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.
Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA.[6]
| Bovidae |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Species
Phylogeny based on Hassanin et al., 2009 and Calamari, 2021.[7][8]
See also: List of bovids
Family Bovidae
Subfamily Caprinae or Tribe Caprini
| Tribe or subtribe | Image | Genus | Species |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caprini or Caprina |
 |
Ammotragus (Blyth, 1840) |
|
 |
Arabitragus Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005 |
|
|
 |
Budorcas Hodgson, 1850 |
|
|
 |
Capra Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
|
 |
Hemitragus (Hodgson, 1841) |
|
|
 |
Nilgiritragus Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005 |
|
|
 |
Oreamnos Rafinesque, 1817 |
|
|
 |
Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
|
 |
Pseudois Hodgson, 1846 |
|
|
 |
Rupicapra Garsault, 1764 |
|
|
 |
†Myotragus Bate, 1909 |
|
|
| Ovibovini or Ovibovina |
 |
Capricornis Ogilby, 1837 |
|
 |
Nemorhaedus Hamilton Smith, 1827 |
|
|
 |
Ovibos Blainville, 1816 |
|
|
| Pantholopini or Pantholopina |
 |
Pantholops Hodgson, 1834 |
|
Fossil genera
The following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified:[9][10]
Tribe Caprini
Genus Myotragus †
Myotragus balearicus†
Tribe Ovibovini
Genus Bootherium †
Bootherium bombifrons†
Genus Euceratherium †
Euceratherium collinum†
Genus Makapania †
Makapania broomi†
Genus Megalovis †
Genus Soergelia †
Soergelia mayfieldi†
Genus Tsaidamotherium †
Tsaidamotherium brevirostrum†
Tsaidamotherium hedini†
Unsorted
†Benicerus
†Boopsis
†Capraoryx
†Caprotragoides
†Criotherium
†Damalavus
†Gallogoral
†Lyrocerus
†Mesembriacerus
†Neotragocerus
†Nesogoral
†Norbertia
†Numidocapra
†Oioceros
†Olonbulukia
†Pachygazella
†Pachytragus
†Palaeoreas
†Palaeoryx
†Paraprotoryx
†Parapseudotragus
†Parurmiatherium
†Praeovibos
†Procamptoceras
†Prosinotragus
†Protoryx
†Protovis
†Pseudotragus
†Qurliqnoria
†Samotragus
†Sinocapra
†Sinomegoceros
†Sinopalaeoceros
†Sinotragus
†Sivacapra
†Sporadotragus
†Tethytragus
†Tossunnoria
†Turcocerus
†Urmiatherium
References
"Caprinae". IUCN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212, retrieved 2022-01-30
Gomez, W.; Patterson, T. A.; Swinton, J.; Berini, J. "Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
"Definition of CAPRINE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
Geist, Valerius (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 584–587. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Alcover, Josep A.; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; et al. (July 2019). "Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus (Bate 1909) from the Balearic Islands". Quaternary Science Reviews. 215: 185–195. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.005. S2CID 189965070.
Hassanin, Alexandre; Ropiquet, Anne; Couloux, Arnaud; Cruaud, Corinne (2009-04-01). "Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome in Mammals Living at High Altitude: New Insights from a Study of the Tribe Caprini (Bovidae, Antilopinae)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 68 (4): 293–310. Bibcode:2009JMolE..68..293H. doi:10.1007/s00239-009-9208-7. ISSN 1432-1432. PMID 19294454. S2CID 27622204.
Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). "Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)". American Museum Novitates (3970): 1–38. doi:10.1206/3970.1. hdl:2246/7267. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 235441087.
"Fossil Caprinae". tolweb.org.
"palaeos.org". Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
