Psittacus erithacus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Aves
Subclassis: Carinatae
Infraclassis: Neornithes
Parvclassis: Neognathae
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Psittacinae
Tribus: Psittacini
Genus: Psittacus
Species: Psittacus erithacus
Subspecies: P.e. erithacus - P.e. timneh

Name

Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758

Vernacular names
Česky: Papoušek šedý
English: African Grey Parrot
Français: perroquet gris du Gabon
Hrvatski: Žako, afrička siva papiga
Nederlands: Grijze roodstaart
Русский: Жако
中文: 非洲灰鸚鵡

-------------

The African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is a medium-sized parrot endemic to primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa. Experts regard it as one of the most intelligent birds. They feed primarily on palm nuts, seeds, fruits, leafy matter, but have been observed eating snails. Their overall gentle nature and their inclination and ability to mimic speech have made them popular pets. This has led many to be captured from the wild and sold into the pet trade. The African Grey Parrot is listed on CITES appendix II, which restricts trade of wild caught species, because wild populations can not sustain trapping for the pet trade. As a pet, they must be entertained, or they start to pluck their feathers, resulting in having no feathers at all. In captivity, The african grey parrot can live up to 70 years of age.

Taxonomy and systematics

There are two subspecies universally accepted:[1]

* Congo African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus):
This is the nominate subspecies, larger than the Timneh at about 33 cm (13 in) long, with light grey feathers, cherry red tails, and an all black beak.[1] Immature birds of this subspecies have tails with a darker, duller red towards the tip (Juniper and Parr 1999) until their first moult which occurs within 18 months of age. These birds also initially have grey irises which change to a pale yellow colour by the time the bird is a year old. The Congo grey parrot is found on the islands of Príncipe and Bioko and is distributed from south-eastern Ivory Coast to Western Kenya, Northwest Tanzania, Southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Northern Angola. In aviculture, it is often called a "CAG".
* Timneh African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh):
These are smaller in size, have a darker charcoal grey colouring, a darker maroon tail, and a light, horn-coloured area to part of the upper mandible. The timneh grey parrot is endemic to the western parts of the moist Upper Guinea forests and bordering savannas of West Africa from Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone and Southern Mali east to at least 70 km (43 mi) east of the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. It is often called a "TAG". As pets Timnehs begin learning to speak earlier than Congos, and are often said to be less nervous around strangers and novel situations.

Some aviculturalists recognize a third and even a fourth subspecies, but these are not distinguishable in scientific studies.[2]

Status and conservation
Timneh African Grey Parrot (wings clipped)

Rarer than previously believed, it is uplisted from a species of Least Concern to Near Threatened in the 2007 IUCN Red List.[3] A recent analysis suggests that up to 21% of the global population may be taken from the wild annually,[3] primarily for the pet trade.

The species is endemic to primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa.[4] Grey parrots depend on large old trees for the natural hollows they use for nesting. Studies in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have found that the preferred species of nesting trees are also preferred timber species.[5] There is a positive relationship between the status of the species and the status of primary forest:[6] where the forests are declining, so too are populations of Grey parrots.[5]

The African Grey Parrot is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This requires both that exports be accompanied by a permit issued by a national authority and that a finding has been made that the export is non-detrimental to the species in the wild. With exports totaling more than 350,000 specimens from 1994–2003,[7] the grey parrot is one of the most heavily-traded CITES-listed bird species. In response to continuing population declines, exceeded quotas and unsustainable and illegal trade, including among range states, CITES included the grey parrot in Phase VI of the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2004. This review has resulted in recommended zero export quotas for several range states and a CITES Decision to develop regional management plans for the species.

In the United States, importation of wild-caught Grey parrots is prohibited under the U.S. Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992. In the European Union, an EU Directive of 2007 prevents importation of this and any other "wild-caught" bird for the pet trade.

Mimicry and intelligence
Further information: Talking bird#African_Grey_Parrots

Unlike other parrots, wild African Greys have been documented imitating the calls of several other species. African Grey parrots have been tested using rigorous scientific standards. They are classed alongside the most intelligent animal species.

Dr. Irene Pepperbergs' research with captive African greys, most notably with a bird named Alex, has scientifically demonstrated that they possess the ability to associate human words with meanings, and to intelligently apply the abstract concepts of shape, colour, number, zero-sense, etc. According to Pepperberg and others[who?], they perform many cognitive tasks at the level of dolphins, chimpanzees, and even a human toddler [8]

Many pet Congo African Greys learn to speak slowly until their second or third year. Timnehs are generally observed to start speaking earlier. Both subspecies seem to have same ability and tendency to produce human speech, but vocal ability and proclivity may range widely among individual birds.

One notable African Grey is N'kisi, who in 2004 already was said to have a vocabulary of over 950 words and was noted for creative use of language, [9] as had been Alex. For example, when Jane Goodall visited N'kisi in his New York home, he greeted her with "Got a chimp?" as he'd seen pictures of her with chimpanzees in Africa.[10]

Noises

African Grey Parrots frequently whistle, shriek, squeak, click, etc. The African Grey owner should expect to hear regular renditions of the microwave, telephone, alarm clocks, dripping water, wild birds, video games, and any other electronic sound that is often heard by the parrot, thus, they have also been noted for profanity even after changing owners.

Aviculture

Their sociability and intelligence can make African Grey Parrots excellent pets with a strongly devoted following among parrot owners. These same qualities mean that African Greys require special commitment by their owners including frequent one-on-one interaction and supervised time out of their cage. They also require large cages, a varied diet that includes fresh foods, and plenty of safe and destructible toys. When not provided with these things African Greys quickly develop unpleasant behaviors and can eventually develop health problems that are difficult to remedy (such as feather-plucking). Even the healthiest, happiest pet African Grey will generate a fair amount of mess and noise. Like most parrots, they are non-domesticated, and even a well-socialized, hand-raised and aviary bred bird is only one or two generations from a wild predecessor. Despite this, there is a long recorded history of African Greys kept by the ancient Greeks, wealthy Roman families, King Henry VIII, Portuguese sailors, and others.

Captive breeding
Mutations
African Grey Parrot red-factor mutations, including the all-red individual discussed in this section.

Several mutations occur naturally in the wild, like the F2 Pied Mutation, which results in a broad red band across the abdomen. 1998 saw the first created Grey mutation when South African bird breeder Von van Antwerpen and New Zealand partner Jaco Bosman selected F2 Pieds and created the first red African Grey.

Other mutations include:

* Albino (no pigment)
* Lutino (yellow pigment)
* Incomplete Ino (mostly white, but with small percentage of melanin)
* Grizzles (soft pinkish scalloped found in its feathers)
* Blues (white pigment in the tail)
* Parino (very light scalloping found in its feathers)

Foods toxic to parrots

* Chocolate[11]
* Avocado[11]
* Caffeine[11]
* Alcohol[11]
* Apple seeds (as they contain cyanide)[12]
* Peach pit (contains cyanide)
* Cherry pit
* peanuts
* red peppers
* store-bought vegetables, posssible chemicals from produce spritzers, farm pesticides/fertilizers, artificial dyes on many store-bought vegetables not listed in ingredients section

In literature

* The character 'Gerard' in Michael Crichton's novel, Next, is a transgenic African Grey.
* The character 'Madison' in Dick King Smith's novel Harry's Mad is an African Grey Parrot.
* The character 'Methuselah' in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Poisonwood Bible is an African Grey Parrot.
* Friendly Feathers: Life with Pierre, an African Grey Parrot by Dr. Fran Smith, illustrated by Deon Matzen, ISBN 978-0-615-22232-5
* The bird owned by the character 'Linus Steinman' in The Final Solution (novel) by Michael Chabon is an African Grey.
* In the book, We'll Always Have Parrots by Donna Andrews, an African grey parrot helps protagonist Meg Lanslow nab the bad guy.
* In the book, Sick as a Parrot by Liz Evans, the parrot in the title is an African grey parrot.
* Cat Marsala, the main protagonist in "Hard Christmas" by Barbara D'Amato, has a pet African grey parrot named Long John Silver.
* In the book Somebody Else's Summer, Bilbo was an African Grey Parrot who belonged to George Carr.
* The character 'Polynesia' in Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle children's novels is an African Grey Parrot.

See also

* Alex (parrot)
* N'kisi
* Bird-safe

Footnotes

1. ^ a b Forshaw & Cooper (1978).
2. ^ Jean Pattison (2006). "An Introduction and Overview of the African Species". Wings Central. Wings Computer Consulting Inc.. http://www.wingscentral.org/aps/Grey7.aspx. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
3. ^ a b See BirdLife International (2007a. b).
4. ^ See Juniper, T. and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
5. ^ a b See Clemmons, J.R. 2003. Status Survey of the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh) and Development of a Management Program in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. CITES, Geneva, Switzerland.
6. ^ Dändliker, G. 1992. The Grey Parrot in Ghana: A population survey, a contribution to the biology of the species, a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations. CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland.
7. ^ See UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database.
8. ^ "Stray Japan parrot talks way home". BBC News. 2008-05-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7414846.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
9. ^ Nkisi Audio Text 1
10. ^ [1]
11. ^ a b c d "African Grey Parrot" (PDF). Care Sheet. PETCO Animal Supplies, Inc. 2005. http://www.petco.com/caresheets/bird/Parrot_AfricanGrey.pdf. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
12. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (2007-02-20). "Bad Seed". Urban Legends Reference Pages. http://www.snopes.com/food/warnings/apples.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-02.

References

* Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee (2000): The African Grey Parrot Handbook. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-0993-6
* BirdLife International (2004). Psittacus erithacus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2006.
* BirdLife International (2007a): [ 2006-2007 Red List status changes ]. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
* BirdLife International (2007b): Grey Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
* Brinker, Bobbi (2005): For the Love of Greys. ISBN 0-9760576-1-1
* Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1981): Parrots of the World (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York. ISBN 0701806907
* Greene, W.T. & Batty, J. (1993): African grey parrots. Beech Publishing House, Alton. ISBN 1-85736-027-3

Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3. Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) 18 February 2008.

* Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike (1998): Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 1873403402
* Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980): A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. ISBN 0-19-910207-4

Schmid, R. Doherr, M G. Steiger, A The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2005, see www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim

* Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). PDF fulltext[dead link]
* Mancini, Julie R. (1998): The African Grey. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-443-2
* Moustaki, Nikki (2004): A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ. ISBN 0-7938-2855-4
* Mulawka, Edward J. (1984): African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-86622-975-2
* Pepperberg, Irene (2002): The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London. ISBN 0-674-00806-5
* Wright, Maggie (2001): African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-1035-7

External links

* World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile
* Red African Grey Information about the breeding of red-factor African Grey Parrots