Poicephalus gulielmi

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Aves
Subclassis: Carinatae
Infraclassis: Neornithes
Parvclassis: Neognathae
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Psittacinae
Tribus: Psittacini
Genus: Poicephalus
Species: Poicephalus gulielmi

Name

Poicephalus gulielmi (Jardine, 1849)

The Red-fronted Parrot (Poicephalus gulielmi), also known as the Jardine's Parrot, is a medium-sized mainly green parrot endemic across wide areas of Africa. It has three subspecies. The extent and shade of the red or orange plumage on its head, thighs, and bend of wings vary depending on the subspecies.

They are popular as pets, partly because of their ability to mimic speech and copy sounds. Trapping of wild birds for the pet trade is a potential threat to wild populations; however, they are protected by CITES (appendix II) making the trade, import and export of all wild-caught parrots illegal.

Description

The Red-fronted Parrot is 28 cm (11 in) long. It is mostly green and has a short black squarish tail. Black feathers on the head, neck, back, and wings have lighter green edges giving a scalloped appearance. The lower mandible is dark grey and the upper mandible has a horn coloured base and a dark grey tip. The irises are red-orange, the eyerings are pinkish-grey, and the legs are grey-brown. The amount of red or orange on the forecrown, the bend of the wing, and thighs varies in the three subspecies. The adult male and female are identical in external appearance. Juveniles lack red on the head and have a blackish plumage above the beak instead. Juveniles also lack red on the wings and thighs, and they have a paler beak and brown irises.[1]

Taxonomy

The first Red-fronted Parrot to be scientifically identified was named Congo Jack. The parrot was brought back live from the Congo to the United Kingdom by Sir William Jardine's son on his return from a three-year cruise on the HMS Favourite. Congo Jack became tame and whistled and screamed, rather than talk. Sir William Jardine gave the species the binomial name Pionus Gulielmi after his son, William R.N. (Latin: Gulielmi means "William's"), and published the description in 1849.[2][3][4]

Three subspecies are now recognized:[3]

* Poicephalus gulielmi, (Jardine 1849)
o P. g. gulielmi, (Jardine 1849) - orange-red on forehead to forecrown, wings, and thighs. Endemic in the Congo River basin. This subspecies has also been introduced to the island of Puerto Rico.[1]
o P. g. fantiensis, Neumann 1908 - the forecrown is orange and there is an orange-red or orange on the wings, slightly smaller. Endemic from Liberia to southern Ghana.[1]
o P. g. massaicus, Fischer & Reichenow 1884 - similar to P. gulielmi except on the head the orange-red is less extensive occurring on the forehead above the beak. Endemic in the highlands (1800 to 3500m) of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.[1]

Behaviour

Breeding

The Red-fronted Parrot nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 27 days and the chicks leave the nest about 80 days after hatching.[5]

Feeding

They fly swiftly making noisy calls above the forest canopy in pairs or small groups between their night-time roosts and feeding grounds. They feed quietly in the upper canopy of trees, where they are well camouflaged.[6]

Pets

Usually called Jardine's Parrots, the Red-fronted Parrot is becoming an increasingly popular pet, owing to increased availability and a growing following. They are particularly playful, intelligent, and affectionate. Some speak very clearly, and imitate other birds expertly. Their size, temperament, and voice makes them good candidates for apartment dwellers, when compared to larger, louder birds.[7]

Conservation status

The wild Red-fronted Parrot population in Africa is difficult to estimate, because of its vast range.[8] They are potentially threatened by trapping of wild parrots for the pet trade;[9] however, that are listed on appendix II of The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), along with almost all other parrot species.[10] This has made the trade, import and export of all wild caught parrots illegal.[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d Forshaw (2006). plate 67.
2. ^ Jardine, William (1849). Contributions to ornithology, 1848-1852. p. "64-14". 3. ^ a b "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.027)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-08-25. http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html.
4. ^ Jackson, Christine Elisabeth; Davis, Peter (2001). Sir William Jardine: a life in natural history. Leicester University Press. ISBN 0718501640.
5. ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 225. ISBN 184309164X.
6. ^ Forshaw (2006). page 90.
7. ^ Athan, Mattie Sue (2009). Guide to the Senegal Parrot and It's Family. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series Inc.. p. 13. ISBN 13: 978-0-7641-3886-7.
8. ^ BirdLife International (2008). Poicephalus gulielmi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 September 2009.
9. ^ "Species factsheet: Poicephalus gulielmi". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1498&m=0. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
10. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. 22 May 2009. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
11. ^ "The CITES Appendices". CITES. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml. Retrieved 18 September 2009.

Cited texts

* Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691092516.