Oriolidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Cladus: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Cladus: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Classis/Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Subclassis/Parvclassis: Neornithes
Infraclassis/Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea

Familia: Oriolidae
Genera: Oriolus – Pitohui – Sphecotheres

Genera extincta: †Turnagra
Name

Oriolidae Vigors, 1825
Synonyms

Turnagridae

References
Primary references

Vigors, N.A. 1825. Observations on the Natural Affinities that connect the Orders and Families of Birds. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14(3): 395–517. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Dumbacher, J.P., Deiner, K., Thompson, L. & Fleischer, R.C. 2008. Phylogeny of the avian genus Pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49(3): 774–781. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.018 Paywall Reference page.
Zuccon, D. & Ericson, P.G.P. 2012. Molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct New Zealand endemic Turnagra capensis in the Oriolidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2012) 414–426. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.013 Reference page.

Vernacular names
беларуская: Авяльговыя
Deutsch: Pirole
македонски: Жолни
norsk bokmål: Pirolfamilien
русский: Иволговые
ไทย: นกขมิ้น
Türkçe: Sarıasmagiller
中文: 鹂科

The Old World orioles (Oriolidae) are an Old World family of passerine birds. The family contains 41 species which are divided in 4 genera. The family includes two extinct species from New Zealand that are placed in the genus Turnagra.
Taxonomy and systematics

The family Oriolidae comprises the piopios, figbirds, pitohuis and the Old World orioles.[1] The piopios were added in 2011, having been formerly placed in the family Turnagridae.[2][3] Several other genera have been proposed to split up the genus Oriolus. For example, the African black-headed species are sometimes placed in a separate genus, Baruffius. The family Oriolidae is not related to the New World orioles, despite their similar size, diet, behaviour and contrasting plumage patterns. Rather, these similarities are an example of convergent evolution.
Extant genera

There are three extant genera in the family Oriolidae:[4]

Image	Genus	Species
	Sphecotheres Vieillot, 1816 – figbirds	Green figbird (Sphecotheres viridis) Wetar figbird (Sphecotheres hypoleucus) Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti)
	Pitohui Lesson, 1831 – pitohuis	Northern variable pitohui (Pitohui kirhocephalus) Raja Ampat pitohui (Pitohui cerviniventris) Southern variable pitohui (Pitohui uropygialis) Hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous)
	Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 – orioles	Brown oriole (Oriolus szalayi) Dusky-brown oriole (Oriolus phaeochromus) Grey-collared oriole (Oriolus forsteni) Black-eared oriole (Oriolus bouroensis) Tanimbar oriole (Oriolus decipiens) Olive-brown oriole (Oriolus melanotis ) Timor oriole (Oriolus melanotis) Wetar oriole (Oriolus finschi) Olive-backed oriole (Oriolus sagittatus) Green oriole (Oriolus flavocinctus) Dark-throated oriole (Oriolus xanthonotus) Ventriloquial oriole (Oriolus consobrinus) Philippine oriole (Oriolus steerii) White-lored oriole (Oriolus albiloris) Isabela oriole (Oriolus isabellae) Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) Indian golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) African golden oriole (Oriolus auratus) Slender-billed oriole (Oriolus tenuirostris) Black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis) Green-headed oriole (Oriolus chlorocephalus) São Tomé oriole (Oriolus crassirostris) Western oriole (Oriolus brachyrynchus) Ethiopian oriole ( Oriolus monacha) Mountain oriole (Oriolus percivali) Black-headed oriole (Oriolus larvatus) Black-winged oriole (Oriolus nigripennis) Black-hooded oriole (Oriolus xanthornus) Black oriole (Oriolus hosii) Black-and-crimson oriole (Oriolus consanguineus) Javan oriole (Oriolus cruentus) Maroon oriole (Oriolus traillii) Silver oriole (Oriolus mellianus)

Extinct genera

There are at least two extinct genera in the family Oriolidae:

Genus Turnagra – piopios (2 extinct species)[4]
Genus Longmornis – Longmornis robustirostrata

Description

The orioles and figbirds are medium-sized passerines, around 20–30 cm in length, with the females only slightly smaller than the males.[5] The beak is slightly curved and hooked, and, except in the figbirds, as long again as the head. The plumage of most species is bright and showy, although the females often have duller plumage than the males do. The plumage of many Australasian orioles mimics that of friarbirds (a genus of large honeyeaters), probably to reduce aggression against the smaller orioles.[6]
Distribution and habitat

The family is distributed across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The few temperate nesting species are migratory, and some tropical species also show seasonal movements.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding

Orioles are monogamous, breeding in territorial pairs (although the Australasian figbird, and possibly also the other figbirds, breed in loose colonies).[5] Nesting sites may be chosen near aggressive species such as shrikes, drongos or friarbirds, which confer a degree of protection. The nest is a deep woven cup suspended like a hammock from a branch. They usually lay two or three eggs, but as many as six have been recorded.
Food and feeding

Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy.[5] Many species are able to survive in open forests and woodlands, although a few are restricted to closed forest. They are opportunistic omnivores, with the main components of their diet being fruit, berries, arthropods, and nectar.
References

"Orioles, drongos & fantails « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
Johansson, Ulf; Eric Pasquet; Martin Irestedt (2011). "The New Zealand Thrush: An Extinct Oriole". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24317. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624317J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024317. PMC 3170299. PMID 21931679.
Zuccon, D. & Ericson, P. G. (2012). "Molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct New Zealand endemic Turnagra capensis in the Oriolidae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 414–26. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.013. PMID 22056604.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Orioles, drongos & fantails". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Walther, B; Jones, P (2008). "Family Oriolidae (Orioles and Figbirds)]". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 692–713. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.

Diamond J (1982). "Mimicry of friarbirds by orioles" (PDF). The Auk. 99 (2): 187–196.