Crypturellus soui

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Cladus: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Cladus: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Classis/Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Subclassis/Parvclassis: Neornithes
Infraclassis/Cohors: Palaeognathae
Ordo: Tinamiformes

Familia: Tinamidae
Genus: Crypturellus
Species: Crypturellus soui
Subspecies: C. s. albigularis - C. s. andrei - C. s. capnodes - C. s. caquetae - C. s. caucae - C. s. harterti - C. s. inconspicuus - C. s. meserythrus - C. s. modestus - C. s. mustelinus - C. s. nigriceps - C. s. panamensis - C. s. poliocephalus - C. s. soui
Name

Crypturellus soui (Hermann, 1783: 165)

Original combination: Tinamus soui

References

Hermann, J. 1783. Tabula affinitatum animalium olim academico specimine edita, nunc uberiore commentario illustrata com annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus. Joh. Georgii Treuttel. Argentorati [Strasbourg]. i–xvi, 1–371 BHL Reference page. [original description: p. 165]

Vernacular names
čeština: Tinama malá
English: Little Tinamou
español: Tinamú chico
français: Tinamou soui
hrvatski: Tinamu mali
lietuvių: Mažasis tinamas
Nederlands: Kleine tinamoe
português: Sururina
svenska: Mindre tinamo

The little tinamou (Crypturellus soui) is a species of tinamou. It is found in Central and South America, as well as on the Caribbean island of Trinidad.[4]
Etymology

Crypturellus is formed from three Latin or Greek words. kruptos meaning covered or hidden, oura meaning tail, and ellus meaning diminutive. Therefore, Crypturellus means small hidden tail.[5]
Taxonomy

The little tinamou is one of 21 species in the genus Crypturellus, the most species-rich genus of tinamous. All tinamous are in the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also palaeognaths, a group that includes the more widely known flightless ratites such as ostriches and emus. Unlike the ratites, though, tinamous can fly, although in general they are not strong fliers. All palaeognaths evolved from flying ancestors.[6]
Subspecies

C. s. meserythrus occurs in southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and northern and eastern Nicaragua.[4]
C. s. modestus occurs in Costa Rica and western Panama.[4]
C. s. capnodes occurs in the lowlands of northwestern Panama.[4]
C. s. poliocephalus occurs in Pacific coastal Panama; Veraguas, Herrera, Los Santos, Coclé, and western Panamá Provinces.[4]
C. s. caucae occurs in the Magdalena River valley of north central Colombia.[4]
C. s. harterti occurs on the Pacific slope of Colombia and Ecuador.[4]
C. s. mustelinus occurs in northeastern Colombia and extreme northwestern Venezuela.[4]
C. s. caquetae occurs in southeastern Colombia; Meta Department, Caquetá, Vaupés, and Guaviare Departments.[4]
C. s. nigriceps occurs in eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru.[4]
C. s. soui occurs in eastern Colombia, eastern and southern Venezuela, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and northeastern Brazil.[4]
C. s. albigularis occurs in eastern and northern Brazil.[4]
C. s. inconspicuus occurs in northern Bolivia and central and eastern Peru.[4]
C. s. andrei occurs in Trinidad and northern Venezuela; Falcón, Yaracuy, Carabobo, Aragua, Vargas, Miranda, northern Anzoátegui, Sucre, Monagas States, and the Venezuelan Capital District[4]
C. s. panamensis occurs on both coasts of Panama[4] and the Pearl Islands of Panama (an ancient introduction).

Distribution and habitat
Little tinamou near Zamora, Ecuador

It is a resident breeder in tropical lowland forests, rivers-edge forests, lowland evergreen forest, secondary forest,[3] and lowland shrublands at an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). They are also fairly successful utilizing cleared forests and plantations or farmed land.[1]

Behavior

Songs and calls
Listen to Little Tinamou on xeno-canto

Little tinamou are shy, secretive, and pair-solitary animals. Despite their abundance, they are rarely sighted. In the field, they are detected by sound more often than sight. The whistle call is a soft, descending whinny (also a series of single notes, tempo increasing at end) produced by both sexes. They eat seeds, berries, and some insects. They can fly but will run unless flight is necessary. They are highly territorial and will attack when encroached upon if the intruding bird is not their mate. There is evidence that they will maintain the same territory for years.

Breeding

The breeding season of the little tinamou ranges from May to October. Nests are a small depression in forest floor, sometimes lined with a few leaves at the base of a tree or in dense brush. Females perform courtship behavior and eggs are incubated by males. Male nest attendance is strong, up to 14 days without leaving the nest in one study. They typically lay two glossy dark-purple eggs (up to three have been observed). The size of the egg is approximately 32 to 41 mm (1.3–1.6 in). Young are precocial, and begin pecking the ground on the first day. They can run almost as soon as they hatch. By weeks 3-4 they are capable of full flight. Egg laying begins at one year old.

Description

The little tinamou is approximately 22 to 24 cm (8.7–9.4 in) long and weighs 220 g (7.8 oz). Although it looks similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, it is unrelated to those groups. It has an unbarred sooty-brown plumage which transitions to grey on the head. The foreneck is whitish. While the underside of both male and female is cinnamon buff, the female is a lighter shade. The legs can be grey, olive, or yellow. Both male and female are almost tailess.
Conservation

The IUCN list the little tinamou as Least Concern,[1] with an occurrence range of 9,500,000 km2 (3,700,000 sq mi).[7]
Footnotes

BirdLife International (2016). "Crypturellus soui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678169A95208453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678169A95208453.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Brands, S. (2008)
American Ornithologists' Union (1998)
Clements, J (2007)
Gotch, A. F. (1195)
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)

* BirdLife International (2008). "Little Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 9 Feb 2009.

References

American Ornithologists' Union (1998) [1983]. "Tinamiformes: Tinamidae: Tinamous". Check-list of North American Birds (PDF) (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union . p. 2. ISBN 1-891276-00-X.
Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Crypturellus soui". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved Feb 9, 2009.
Brooks, Daniel M. “Behavior, Reproduction, and Development in Little Tinamou (Crypturellus Soui).” The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, vol. 127, no. 4, 2015, pp. 761–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24640589. Accessed 15 Jun. 2022.
Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Tinamous". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Tinamous". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 183. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
Hilty, Birds of Venezuela, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5