Chalcophaps indica

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Columbimorphae
Ordo: Columbiformes

Familia: Columbidae
Subfamilia: Columbinae
Genus: Chalcophaps
Species: Chalcophaps indica
Subspecies: C. i. augusta – C. i. indica – C. i. maxima – C. i. minima – C. i. natalis – C. i. robinsoni
Name

Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Columba indica (protonym)
Columba chrysochlora Wagler, 1827

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 164. Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
বাংলা: সবুজ ঘুঘু
català: Tórtora verda de l'Índia
čeština: Holub zelenokřídlý
Deutsch: Graukappen-Glanztaube
English: Common Emerald Dove
Esperanto: Smeralda kolombo
español: Palomita esmeralda dorsiverde
français: Colombine turvert
हिन्दी: पन्ना कबूतर
Bahasa Indonesia: Delimukan Zamrud
日本語: キンバト
മലയാളം: ഓമനപ്രാവ്
मराठी: पाचू कवडा
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Punai Tanah
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ချိုးစိမ်း
Nederlands: Smaragdduif
پنجابی: ہری کگی
русский: Изумрудный голубь
svenska: Smaragdduva
தமிழ்: மரகதப்புறா
Tshivenda: Liivha
Tiếng Việt: Cu luồng
中文: 绿翅金鸠

The emerald dove or common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), also called Asian emerald dove and grey-capped emerald dove, is a widespread resident breeding pigeon native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The dove is also known by the names of green dove and green-winged pigeon. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Pacific emerald dove and Stephan's emerald dove were both considered conspecific.
Taxonomy

In 1743, the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the common emerald dove in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Green Wing'd Dove". His drawing was made from a live bird at the home a merchant in Rotherhithe near London. Edwards was told that the dove had come from the East Indies.[2] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the common emerald dove with all the other pigeons in the genus Columba. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Columba indica and cited Edwards's work.[3] The specific epithet indica is Latin for "Indian" and is used by Linnaeus to denote the East Indies.[4] The species is now placed in the genus Chalcophaps that was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1843.[5][6]

Six subspecies are recognised:[6]

C. i. indica (Linnaeus, 1758) – India to south China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian and west Papuan islands
C. i. robinsoni Baker, ECS, 1928 – Sri Lanka
C. i. maxima Hartert, 1931 – Andaman Islands
C. i. augusta Bonaparte, 1855 – Nicobar Islands
C. i. natalis Lister, 1889 – Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
C. i. minima Hartert, 1931 – Numfor, Biak and Mios Num islands (off north New Guinea)

Description
Male emerald dove
Emerald dove in Sime Forest, Singapore

The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically 23–27 cm (9.1–10.6 in) in length.[7] The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight feathers and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous. The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.
Distribution and habitat

This is a common species in tropical forests and similar dense wet woodlands, farms and mangroves.[7][8] It builds a scant stick nest in a tree up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured eggs.
Behaviour and ecology

Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups.[9] They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen fruit on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat seeds and fruits of a wide variety of plants and are generally tame and approachable. They are usually found foraging in small groups or pairs. If there's a resource-rich area, small groups will maintain a territory.

Their flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the wings which are characteristic of pigeons in general. They often fly low between patches of dense forest, but when disturbed, they will frequently walk away rather than fly. They are particularly good weavers when flying through forests. When flying, they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight feathers.
In flight at Chitwan National Park, Nepal.

The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos, starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during courtship.[10]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcophaps indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725538A94895385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. London: Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians. p. 14, Plate 14.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 164.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gould, John (1843). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 5. London: self published. Plate 62 and text.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
Baptista, L.F.; Trail, P.W.; Horblit, H.M.; Kirwan, G.M.; Garcia, E.F.J.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Grey-capped Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3.
Nicolls, Martina (27 April 2019). "Common Emerald Dove". SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Jennifer Brown (September 21, 2010). Husbandry Guidelines For the Emeralld Dove Chalcophaps indica. Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.

Grimmett, Birds of India, Inskipp and Inskipp, ISBN 0-691-04910-6