Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Fringillidae
Subfamilia: Carduelinae
Genus: Acanthis
Species: A. cabaret – A. flammea – A. hornemanni
Name
Acanthis Borkhausen, 1797
Typus
Fringilla linaria Linnaeus, 1758, = Acanthis flammea
Synonyms
Homotypic
Carduelis subgenus Acanthis
Acanthus (orth. err.)
Heterotypic
Acanthilis Dumont, 1816
Acanthys Des Murs, 1860
Linacanthis Chenu & Des Murs, 1853
Linacanthus G. R. Gray, 1870
References
Deutsche Fauna 1: 248.
Zuccon, D., Prŷs-Jones, R., Rasmussen, P.C., & Ericson, P.G.P. 2012. The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2): 581–596. Full text (PDF). DOI: .1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Birkenzeisig
English: Redpolls
français: Sizerin
italiano: Organetto
қазақша: Шоңайнақтар туысы
polski: Czeczotka
українська: Чечітка
The redpolls (genus Acanthis) (in Great Britain also historically known as redpoles)[1][2] are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae, which have characteristic red markings on their heads. They are placed in the genus Acanthis.[3][4] The genus name Acanthis is from the Ancient Greek akanthis, a name for a small now-unidentifiable bird.[5]
All redpolls are northern breeding woodland species, associated with birch trees (although there are introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, in New Zealand and nearby subantarctic islands). They are small birds, brown or grey-brown above and with a red forehead patch. The adult male's breast is washed in red, but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown. The bill is small and yellow. Some birds, particularly young ones, are difficult to assign to species.
They are primarily seed-eaters, and often feed acrobatically like a tit; their diet may include some insects in summer. They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call. They lay four to seven eggs in a nest in a tree or, in the case of the Arctic redpoll, a large bush. They can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of redpolls is unsettled, with several different very closely related[6] forms of redpolls which have been considered as anything from one to five species.[7] Some studies[8][9] favour three species, but this is certainly not definite. Global lists currently support either two species (the common and hoary redpoll)[10] or a single species (the common redpoll).[11] Most recently, genomewide analyses found differences in gene expression but no genetic divergence, suggesting that plumage forms have originated recently, within a single interbreeding lineage, and do not represent species boundaries.[12]
Species
The species are:
| Male | Female | Common Name | Scientific name | Subspecies | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
Arctic redpoll or hoary redpoll | Acanthis hornemanni |
|
Greenland and neighbouring parts of Canada |
 |
 |
common redpoll | Acanthis flammea |
|
North America and the Palearctic |
 |
 |
lesser redpoll | Acanthis cabaret | originally Ireland, most of Great Britain, and the Alps; range has spread considerably across central and northern Europe in recent decades |
References
Oxford English Dictionary, Vol Q-R. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 310.
Montagu, George (1831). Ornithological Dictionary of British Birds (2nd ed.). London: Hurst, Chance and Co. pp. 409–411. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Alvarez-Tejado M.; Ruiz-del-Valle V.; García-de-la-Torre C.; Varela P; Recio M. J.; Ferre S.; Martinez-Laso J. (1998). "Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs" (PDF). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 54 (9): 1031–1041. doi:10.1007/s000180050230. PMID 9791543. S2CID 10654775.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Seutin, G.; Ratcliffe, L. M. & Boag, P. T. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelinae: Carduelis flammea - hornemanni). Evolution 49(5): 962–973. doi:10.2307/2410418 (HTML abstract and first page image)
Knox, A. G. (1988). "The taxonomy of redpolls". Ardea. 76 (1): 1–26.
Herremans, M. (1990). Taxonomy and evolution in Redpolls Carduelis flammea – hornemanni; a multivariate study of their biometry. Ardea 78(3): 441–458. HTML abstract
Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
"Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea". Birdlife International. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Mason, N.A.; Taylor, S.A. (2015). "Differentially expressed genes match bill morphology and plumage despite largely undifferentiated genomes in a Holarctic songbird". Molecular Ecology. 24 (12): 3009–3025. doi:10.1111/mec.13140. PMID 25735539. S2CID 4283143.
Further reading
Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther (2000). Hoary Redpoll (Carduelis hornemanni). In The Birds of North America, No. 544 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther (2000). Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea). In The Birds of North America, No. 543 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Marthinsen, G.; Wennerberg, L.; Lifjeld, J.T. (2008). "Low support for separate species within the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea–hornemanni–cabaret) from analyses of mtDNA and microsatellite markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 1005–1017. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.027. PMID 18439841.
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