Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Dicroglossidae
Subfamilia: Dicroglossinae
Genus: Limnonectes
Species (77): L. acanthi – L. arathooni – L. asperatus – L. bagoensis – L. bagoyoma – L. bannaensis – L. beloncioi – L. blythii – L. cintalubang – L. coffeatus – L. conspicillatus – L. dabanus – L. dammermani – L. deinodon – L. diuatus – L. doriae – L. fastigatus – L. finchi – L. fragilis – L. fujianensis – L. grunniens – L. gyldenstolpei – L. hascheanus – L. heinrichi – L. hikidai – L. ibanorum – L. ingeri – L. isanensis – L. jarujini – L. kadarsani – L. kenepaiensis – L. khammonensis – L. khasianus – L. kiziriani – L. kohchangae – L. kong – L. kuhlii – L. larvaepartus – L. lauhachindai – L. leporinus – L. leytensis – L. limborgi – L. longchuanensis – L. macrocephalus – L. macrodon – L. macrognathus – L. magnus – L. malesianus – L. mawlyndipi – L. megastomias – L. micrixalus – L. microdiscus – L. microtympanum – L. mocquardi – L. modestus – L. namiyei – L. nguyenorum – L. nitidus – L. palavanensis – L. paramacrodon – L. parvus – L. phuyenensis – L. plicatellus – L. poilani – L. pseudodoriae – L. quangninhensis – L. savan – L. selatan – L. shompenorum – L. sinuatodorsalis – L. sisikdagu – L. taylori – L. timorensis – L. tweediei – L. utara – L. visayanus – L. woodworthi
Name
Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843: 31
Type species: Rana kuhlii Schlegel (in error) [=Tschudi, 1838], by original designation.
Synonyms
Elachyglossa Andersson, 1916: 13
Type species: Elachyglossa gyldenstolpei Andersson, 1916, by monotypy.
Bourretia Dubois, 1987: 61 [as subgenus]
Type species: Rana toumanoffi Bourret, 1941, by original designation.
Taylorana Dubois, 1987: 63 [as subgenus]
Type species: Polypedates hascheanus Stoliczka, 1870, by original designation.
References
Primary references
Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel: Wien. vi + 106 pp. BHL Reference page.
Andersson, L.G. 1916. Zoological results of the Swedish zoological expeditions to Siam 1911–1912 and 1914. 3. Batrachians. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 55: 13–17.
Dubois, A. [1986] 1987. Miscellanea taxinomica batrachologica (I). Alytes 5: 7–95.
Additional references
Emerson, S.B. & Berrigan, D. 1993. Systematics of Southeast Asian ranids: multiple origins of voicelessness in the subgenus Limnonectes (Fitzinger). Herpetologica 49(1): 22–31. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal Reference page.
Inger, R.F. & Stuart, B.L. 2010. Systematics of Limnonectes (Taylorana) Dubois. Current Herpetology 29(2): 51–68. DOI: 10.3105/018.029.0201 Paywall Reference page.
McLeod, D.S., Kurlbaum, S. & Hoang, N.V. 2015. More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa 3947(2): 201–214. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.4 Paywall Reference page.
Aowphol, A., Rujirawan, A., Taksintum, W., Chuaynkern, Y. & Stuart, B.L. 2015. A new caruncle-bearing Limnonectes (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Thailand. Zootaxa 3956(2): 258–270. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.6. Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Suwannapoom, C., Yuan, Z-Y., Chen, J-M., Hou, M., Zhao, H-P., Wang, L-J., Nguyen, T.S., Nguyen, T.Q., Murphy, R.W., Sullivan, J., Mcleod, D.S. & Che, J. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the Chinese Limnonectes (Anura, Dicroglossidae) with the description of a new species from China and Myanmar. Zootaxa 4093(2): 181–200. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4093.2.2 Paywall Reference page.
Suwannapoom, C., Yuan, Z-Y., Chen, J-M., Hou, M., Zhao, H-P., Wang, L-J., Nguyen, T.S., Nguyen, T.Q., Murphy, E.W., Sullivan, J., McLeod, D.S. & Che, J. 2016. Erratum: CHATMONGKON SUWANNAPOOM, ZHI-YONG YUAN, JIN-MIN CHEN, MIAN HOU, HAI-PENG ZHAO, LI-JUN WANG, TRUONG SON NGUYEN, TRUONG Q. NGUYEN, ROBERT W. MURPHY, JAQUELINE SULLIVAN, DAVID S. MCLEOD & JING CHE (2016) Taxonomic revision of the Chinese Limnonectes (Anura, Dicroglossidae) with the description of a new species from China and Myanmar. Zootaxa, 4093: 181–200. Zootaxa 4137(4): 599–600. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4137.4.13. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Dehling, J.M. & Dehling, D.M. 2017. A new wide-headed Fanged Frog of the Limnonectes kuhlii group (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from western Borneo with a redescription of Rana conspicillata Günther, 1872. Zootaxa 4317(2): 291–309. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.6. Reference page.
Pham, C.T., Le, M.D., Nguyen, T.T., Ziegler, T., Wu, Z.J. & Nguyen, T.Q. 2017. A new species of Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 4269(4): 545–558. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4269.4.8. Reference page.
Pham, C.T., Le, M.D., Ngo, H.T., Ziegler, T. & Nguyen, T.Q. 2018. A new species of Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 4508(1): 115–130. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.1.7 Paywall Reference page.
Phimmachak, S., Sivongxay, N., Seateun, S., Yodthong, S., Rujirawan, A., Neang, T., Aowphol, A. & Stuart, B.L. 2018. A new Limnonectes (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from southern Laos. Zootaxa 4375(3): 325–340. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.3.2 Reference page.
Phimmachak, S., Richards, S.J., Sivongxay, N., Seateun, S., Chuaynkern, Y., Makchai, S., Som, H.E. & Stuart, B.L. 2019. A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133–156. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.846.33200A Reference page.
Reilly, S.B., Stubbs, A.L., Karin, B.R., Bi, K., Arida, E., Iskandar, D.T. & McGuire, J.A. 2019. Leap‐frog dispersal and mitochondrial introgression: Phylogenomics and biogeography of Limnonectes fanged frogs in the Lesser Sundas Archipelago of Wallacea. Journal of Biogeography 46(4): 757–769. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13526 Paywall Reference page.
Pham, C.T., Do, D.T., Le, M.D., Ngo, H.T., Nguyen, L.T., Ziegler, T. & Nguyen, T.Q. 2020. A new species of Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 4894(3): 387–402. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.5 Paywall Reference page.
Stuart, B.L., Schoen, S.N., Nelson, E.E.M., Maher, H., Neang, T., Rowley, J.J.L. & McLeod, D.S. 2020. A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia. Zootaxa 4894(3): 387–402. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11 Paywall Reference page.
Abraham, R.K., Herr, M.W., Sterkhova, V.V., Otterholt, R., Siler, C.D., Sanguila, M.B. & Brown, R.M. 2021. Revisiting Linnaean and Wallacean shortfalls in Mindanao Fanged Frogs: The Limnonectes magnus complex consists of only two species. Herpetological Monographs 35(1): 112–140. DOI: 10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-20-00010 Paywall Reference page.
Herr, M.W., Vallejos, J.G., Meneses, C.G., Abraham, R.K., Otterholt, R., Siler, C.D., Rico, E.L.B. & Brown, R.M. 2021. A new, morphologically cryptic species of Fanged Frog, genus Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae), from Mindoro Island, central Philippines. Ichthyology & Herpetology 109(1): 188–210. DOI: 10.1643/h2020095 Open access Reference page.
Köhler, G., Zwitzers, B., Than, N.L., Gupta, D.K., Janke, A., Pauls, S.U. & Thammachoti, P. 2021. Bioacoustics reveal hidden diversity in frogs: Two new species of the genus Limnonectes from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae). Diversity 13(399): 1–35. DOI: 10.3390/d13090399 Open access Reference page.
Yodthong, S., Rujirawan, A., Stuart, B.L. & Aowphol, A. 2021. A new Limnonectes (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from southern Thailand. Animals 11(566): 1–28. DOI: 10.3390/ani11020566 Open access Reference page.
Links
Frost, D.R. 2021. Limnonectes. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (22 January 2022). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. DOI: 10.5531/db.vz.0001
Vernacular names
English: Fanged Frogs
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1][2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
Habitat
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[4]
Lifecycle
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[4] Parental care is performed by males.[3]
Species
Limnonectes abanghamidi Matsui, 2024
Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923)
Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927)
Limnonectes asperatus (Inger, Boeadi & Taufik, 1996)
Limnonectes bagoensis Köhler, Zwitzers, Than & Thammachoti, 2021
Limnonectes bagoyoma Köhler, Zwitzer, Than & Thammachoti, 2021
Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007
Limnonectes barioensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
Limnonectes batulawensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2024
Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021
Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920)
Limnonectes cassiopeia Herr, Som & Brown, 2024
Limnonectes cintalubang Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014
Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol & Stuart, 2018
Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872)
Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922)
Limnonectes dammermani (Mertens, 1929)
Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014
Limnonectes diuatus (Brown & Alcala, 1977)
Limnonectes doriae (Boulenger, 1887)
Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020
Limnonectes finchi (Inger, 1966)
Limnonectes fragilis (Liu & Hu, 1973)
Limnonectes fujianensis Ye & Fei, 1994
Limnonectes ghoshi (Chanda, 1991)
Limnonectes grunniens (Latreille, 1801)
Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Andersson, 1916)
Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870)
Limnonectes heinrichi (Ahl, 1933)
Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014
Limnonectes ibanorum (Inger, 1964)
Limnonectes ingeri (Kiew, 1978)
Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly & Barley, 2012
Limnonectes jarujini Matsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010
Limnonectes kadarsani Iskandar, Boeadi & Sancoyo, 1996
Limnonectes kenepaiensis (Inger, 1966)
Limnonectes khammonensis (Smith, 1929)
Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871)
Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2018
Limnonectes kohchangae (Smith, 1922)
Limnonectes kong Dehling & Dehling, 2017
Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838)
Limnonectes lambirensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024
Limnonectes larvaepartus Iskandar, Evans & McGuire, 2014
Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksinum, Chuaynkern & Stuart, 2015
Limnonectes leporinus (Andersson, 1923)
Limnonectes leytensis (Boettger, 1893)
Limnonectes limborg (Sclater, 1892)
Limnonectes longchuanensis Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016
Limnonectes macrocephalus (Inger, 1954)
Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
Limnonectes macrognathus (Boulenger, 1917)
Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910)
Limnonectes malesianus (Kiew, 1984)
Limnonectes mawlyndipi (Chanda, 1990)
Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008
Limnonectes micrixalus (Taylor, 1923)
Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger, 1892)
Limnonectes microtympanum (Van Kampen, 1907)
Limnonectes mocquardi Matsui, Dubois & Ohler, 2013
Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882)
Limnonectes namiyei (Stejneger, 1901)
Limnonectes nguyenorum McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015
Limnonectes nitidus (Smedley, 1932)
Limnonectes paginatanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024
Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894)
Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966)
Limnonectes parvus (Taylor, 1920)
Limnonectes paulyambuni Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024
Limnonectes penerisanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024
Limnonectes phuyenensis Pham, Do, Le, Ngo, Nguyen, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2020
Limnonectes phyllofolia Frederick, Iskandar, Riyanto, Hamidy, Reilly, Stubbs, Bloch, Bach & McGuire, 2023
Limnonectes plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873)
Limnonectes poilani (Bourret, 1942)
Limnonectes pseudodoriae Yodthong, Rujirawan, Stuart & Aowphol, 2021
Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu & Nguyen, 2017
Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019
Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014
Limnonectes separatus Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024
Limnonectes shompenorum Das, 1996
Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015
Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley & Iskandar, 2011
Limnonectes tawauensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada. 2024
Limnonectes tayloriMatsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010
Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927)
Limnonectes tweediei (Smith, 1935)
Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014
Limnonectes visayanus (Inger, 1954)
Limnonectes woodworthi (Taylor, 1923)
Phylogeny
Pyron & Wiens (2011)
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[7] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.[7]
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Aowphol, et al. (2015)
The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).[8] 20 species are included.
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McLeod, et al. (2015)
Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).[9] Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang[10] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.
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References
Frost, Darrel R. (2024). "Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Stuart, Bryan L.; Schoen, Sara N.; Nelson, Emma E.M.; Maher, Heather; Neang, Thy; Rowley, Jodi J.L.; Mcleod, David S. (2020-12-10). "A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia". Zootaxa. 4894 (3): 451–473. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33311078. S2CID 229178977.
McLeod, D.S.; S.J. Horner; C. Husted; A. Barley & D.T. Iskandar (2011). "Same-same, but different: An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2883: 52–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-03.
Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5884I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884. PMC 4281041. PMID 25551466.
Ming, Leong Tzi (2004). "Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 (2): 609–620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17.
Rowley, J. J. L.; Altig, R. (2012). "Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 33: 145–149. doi:10.1163/156853812X626179.
R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9
McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, p. 201–214.
Matsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C
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